The Earliest programs to counter discrimination in public employment Case Study

The Earliest programs to counter discrimination in public employment - Case Study Example Thus employers are subject to a framework of rules and regulations that seek to ensure the obligations of employers to employees. However the recent developments in the sphere of employment relationship have demonstrated that a number of new factors have forced both employers and employees to mutually agree on certain non-extant or poorly defined rules and regulations. For instance when the labor law is ambiguous the employment relationship becomes much more individualistic. In other words when an employment relationship does not exist it is almost impossible to define the legal outcomes such as rights and obligations of the relationship. In such a situation the employer and the employee might develop a vague and individualistic employment relationship (Guest & Peccei, 1994). The same applies to triangular employment relationship in which the employee might sign the employment contract with the agency rather than with the end-user. In such a situation the employment relationship might become too individualistic. The same principle can be applied to the disguised employment relationship in which the employee is treated by the employer as a non-employee without the rights provided by law and therefore minus the legal obligations cast on the latter by labor legislation. In other words it is an individual arrangement between the employer and the employee. The legal relationship between the employer and the employee defines the very essence of the employment relationship. However it has been pointed out by critics that the existing labor legislation and social security provisions do not adequately cover up the requirements of employees. In fact the employment relationship has become more or less an individual arrangement devoid of universal contractual obligations as found in International Labor Organization’s (ILO) documents. This phenomenon has acquired a new dimension under different disguises and ruses adopted by employers and imposed

Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public - Essay Example Advantages for an organization for going public Although going public is an expensive process but there are several advantages. Some of the most important advantages for going public are as follows: More capital can be raised by a company if it starts floating its share in the market. By floating shares in the market, company can have a better growth rate. People know and recognize more about companies whose shares are in the market rather than firms that are privately owned. Going public is a way to brand and market the company as well. It also builds the brand image of the company and the company becomes more reliable and trustworthy (Glueck , 1980). Because of being a better and more renowned company, a public company is able to attract and retain better human resource which helps in improving productivity level of the company. While acquisitions, shares of the company can be used instead of cash. Debt to equity ratio of the company improves because of going public as the capital raised is included in the equity section rather than liabilities. Debt to equity ratio is one of the ways lenders analyze and assess the risk of the company and it explains the amount of debt the company has in comparison to its liabilities. Organizations can motivate employees by offering them stock options which are considered more valuable than other rewards like cash and bonuses. Disadvantages for an organization for going public Besides the advantages of going public, there are several disadvantages because of which many organizations do not go public and float their shares in the market. The most important disadvantages which restrict an organization from going to public are as follows: Going public is an expensive process and if an organization has other ways or options to raise money then it should go with the alternatives rather than floating shares in the market. There are several fees and costs associated with going public like accounting fees, expense allowance of underw riter, filing fees, cost of travelling, cost of printing and legal fees and all these costs are to be included while analyzing whether the firm would go public or not (Hoch, Kim, Montgomery, and Rossi, 1995). In addition to this, if the management of the company is not aware about the process of going public then it should not indulge in such activities because it is a difficult process and they should go public only when the management is not aware about the whole process and complications involved in it. Information about the company increases and more people know about the organization in comparison to the time when the organization was operating as a privately held company. Customers, suppliers, shareholders, investors, analysts, and other stakeholders of the company tend to focus a lot on the organization and strategies which it has adopted. As the company goes public, it has to follow the requirements of SEC and financial reporting of the company has to be in accordance with t he rules and guidelines provided by SEC (Kaplan, and Atkinson, 1998). Top management or entrepreneurs could feel like as if they have lost the control of the organization and thus it can have an impact on their decision making and productivity. Remuneration and compensation packages paid to the top management of the organization are known to others because public information and everyone would be aware about the salaries of people at the top managerial level. Because of going public, risk of shareholder litigation increases. Many shareholders are

An Analysis Of Liszt Sonata

An Analysis Of Liszt Sonata This essay starts from the background of Piano Sonata in B minor. It then focuses on the importance of this work in romantic period. I will analyze the structure of this sonata, compare few scholars analysis and discuss how the technique of thematic use in the piece. Liszt appreciated Beethovens music. He looked upon Beethovens piano sonatas as models. He was influenced by Beethoven a lot. The sonatas development from baroque, classical to romantic period, approached the peak in the beginning of nineteenth century. Liszts Sonata in B minor leads a really important role. There are lots of arguments for this piece in the sonata literatures. The content and musical structure both are the topics of which are considered to continue the heritage of music in the past and usher in the future. Liszt had composed three solo piano sonata in 1825, however these pieces were unpublished and now are lost. The only piano sonata now exist is Sonata in B minor. Liszt had the conception of this piece from 1851, until 1853 he completed this sonata. The sonata first publicly performed by Liszts pupil, Hans von Bà ¼low on January 27, 1857 in Berlin. It has been first published in the spring of 1854 with a dedication to Schumann. Liszt said in a letter that this was his meaning of expressing appreciation for Schumann s having dedicated to him the Fantasy op.17 in C (1838). As a musician anxious to avoid formulaic composition, Liszt surely would have been delighted at the amount of scholarly bickering engendered by the Sonata in B minor. We discover from Winklhofer, for instance, that for more than a century after its composition, the formal architecture of Liszts sonata has eluded convincing explanation- until her own, of course m and so much for Newman, Longyear and the rest. Presumably until then all convincing performances of the Sonata, and the copies by Reubke and Liapunov, were achieved by serendipity. Hamilton, K. (1996) Liszt Sonata in B Minor P.28 Some of the analytical arguments over the form of the Sonata are largely discussed. The analysis of W. S. Newman has been most influential, He proposed a new idea double-function form, which means a structure that can be considered both as one continuous movement and simultaneously as a composite of the movements of a multi-movement work. In other words, the Sonata, though in one movement, presents elements of a first movement- slow movement- scherzo- finale structure. Newman was the first to illustrate this double-function view. Since in both views a multi movement structural mold predominated over that of a sonata form in one movement, the problem of large scale structure became a clouded issue. Whatever their differences, Newman, Longyear and Winklhofer are at least agreed with one point: that the sonata is not a programmatic work, and that as a result analysis of it can only proceed on purely musical terms. Liszt himself never dropped the slightest hint that the Sonata had a prog ramme, but this is no problem, as several writers have been kind enough to supply one for him. The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to William Newman: Double-function analysis (Four movements in one) First movement of a sonata exposition bar 1-330 development bar 331-525 recapitulation bar 525-681 coda bar 682-760 Four movements sonata First movement bar 1-330 slow movement bar 331-459 scherzo bar 460-524 finale bar 525-681 coda bar 682-760 Allegro Andante Fugato Allegro Coda Incomplete Sonatina ABA Scherzando fugue Finale: Incomplete Sonatina Coda Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to Rey Longyear: Double-function analysis (Three movements in one) First movement of a sonata introduction bar 1-7 exposition bar 8- 178 development bar 179-459 recapitulation bar 460-649 coda bar 650-760 Three movements sonata First movement bar 1-330 Slow movement bar 331-459 finale bar 460-760 Allegro Andante Fugato Coda First movement Slow movement AB Finale: Scherzando Coda Exposition Development Recapitulation The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to Winklhofer: One-movement sonata form analysis First movement of a sonata exposition bar 1 -204 development bar 205-452 recapitulation bar 453-649 coda bar 650-760 Newman seems to sense that the double-function theory weakens under scrutiny. He warns twice of the danger of making Procrustean beds out of such classifications. The consequences of applying a rigid formal scheme upon a piece never born upon such terrain are dismissed as compromises which Liszt saw as necessary to retain the double-function dynamic. Nevertheless, this analysis is the most influential to appear thus far. Rey Longyear also describes the work as a series of distinct movements, which combine for a large sonata form. He finds three movements (First Movement, Slow Movement and Finale) in place of Newmans four, but provides no justification for these designations. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.120 In my opinion, I analyze this sonata B minor in three movements (First Movement, Slow Movement and Coda) and combine a large sonata form. I will discuss why and analyze the structure in my essay. First mvt. Second mvt. Third mvt. coda section Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda location mm.1-330 mm.331-459 mm.460-710 mm711-760 tempo Lento/Allegro Andante Allegro-Prestissimo Andante key Unstable (G minor- B minor)B minor- D major F sharp major- A major- F sharp major B flat minor- B minor- B major B major motive (theme) A A1 mm.1 D mm.331 A2- A3 mm.460 D mm.711 C mm.349 C mm.718 A2 mm.8 B mm.363 A2- A3 mm.533 A2- A3- A1 mm.729 A3 mm.14 D mm.393 B mm.105 C mm.433 B mm.600 C mm.153 A1 mm.453 Section one Exposition We can see section one as an exposition of the sonata form. From beginning to mm.17 is theme A, Liszt uses the variety of theme A in the whole piece. A1, A2, A3 motive lead the development of whole piece. William Stein Newman thought motive A is the important link which starts and ends every different section in the whole piece. More noticeable here than the attractive character of these ideas is the effect on harmonic. The Sonata in B minor does not start in B minor, nor is any other key stably established. The first seven bars (mm.1-7) is a tonal centre of G as a beginning. The focus on G in motive A1 then serves as a point of common contact to the start of A2. In theme A, there are lots A sharp which is leading tone of B minor, can not resolve to B minor because of vague tone(Example 1 mm.1-17). Motive A1 begins with lento assai and sotto voce, consists of descending scales suggesting either G minor or C minor, with continuously alterations. The second motive A2 is characterized by its contour, which outlines a diminished seventh, and by its robust, dotted rhythms. This motive A2 also begins on G, but implies B minor, ending on A sharp. We may expect the tonic followed by this leading tone. Instantly the third motive (A3) is presented, a striking upbeat contour, starting on B minor but leaving with a dimi nished seventh on the leading tone to G at m.17. (see Example 1) Example 1 mm.1-17 à ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .PNG Liszt expresses his thematic presentation with fermatas on the rests at m.17 in the end. What follows is a brief section of transition. Those sequences all start on diminished seventh. This harmonic is really unstable, proceeds in chromatically ascending sequences, and presents a variation of motive A2 at m.25. Although the E flat major chord in mm.24-25 marks the peak of the chromatic rise which began in m.18, it is the result of a illusive cadential move. The dominant seventh on B at bar 24 which prepares E minor rather than E flat major. Liszt avoids affirmation of a key here again. (see example 2) Example 2 m.18-31à ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ 2.PNG He want a breathtaking arrival on F sharp in m.30, that why he chose the A2 motive for mm.25-29, and why the resolution is postponed , is explained by the first full cadence of this Sonata, finally appeared at bar 30-31. At m.31, Liszt delays the G as an appoggiatura to F sharp, the dominant of B. The entire element from mm.1-32 is an expended harmonic move from G at the beginning, to a implication of B minor (m.13), and the F sharp in m.30, and finally to B minor (m.32). The result is an dramatic cadential progression VI-i-V-I. mm:1-7 9-13 14-16 18-22 22-24 25-30 30-31 32 b: vi à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬i V/ivà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢IV V7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ i Liszt uses only two motivic elements, derived from A2 and A3. Regular two bar phrases predominate. The harmonic rhythm has become slow and even, despite the speed of execution in performance, and the marking sempre forte ed agitato. Finally, he uses the subdominant to confirm B minor (Example 3. mm.32-44). Example 3. mm.32-44 Beginning with bar 45, following the tonal presentation of B minor, we can see four sections of transitional material. The first section (bar 45-54) contains of A2 fragments appearing in sequence; second (bar 55-66) and third (bar67-81) sections use motive A2 in the famous passage of octaves, and the fourth (bar 81-104) changes back to A1. At bar 105 first appear new theme B, and the key changes to D major.(Example 4) Theme B comes from Crux fidelis of plain chant. Here it is enough to draw attention to the imaginative phrase structure of this melody-two two- bar units then one five-bar phrase. The harmonic stability of the Grandioso theme in the Sonata is conspicuous by comparison with that of the exposition explored thus far. B minor had been weakened because of its delayed presentation and the use of subdominant rather than dominant confirmation. Although bar 105-119 is prepared for by strong cadential motion, which creates the expectation of an impending tonal plateau firmly seated in the secondary key, this is not in fact what occurs. The stability of D major is only momentary. Example 4: The motive of A2 moves into F major; and then D minor at bar 133-134. The section is static rather than dynamic in the sense of polarized tonal moves; Liszt moves to colorful harmonic areas related to D major. There is an extend of A2 at the section of dolce con grazia at bar 125, the value of note is expanded at right hand. At bar 141-152 , A3 reappears and serves two purposes: First is to provide closure to the tonal deflection, second is to allow a transitional phrase introducing the last structural division of the exposition. The section (bar 153-204) offers a masterful transformation, theme C. Theme C appears at bar 153, this theme C has triggered a heated debate. Lots of scholars thought theme C is variation of A3, so it is not a new theme. However, the atmosphere is totally different, so it can be independent. The aggressive character of the original has become lyrical by means of rhythmic augmentation, a triplet accompaniment, and a new harmonization. At bar 171, the triplet transformed to upper voice, the motive A2 appeared indistinctly on lower voice at bar 179. Liszt reinforced motive A2 by octave chords at bar 205 and 221. Motive A3 appeared from bar 255, the tempo become agitated, from scale to octave parallel. After bar 277, motive A1 developed from bar 275-286, and followed by motive A2. The key modulated dramatically to C sharp minor at bar 297 and theme B appeared. Bar 275-281 Bar 294-302 The end of exposition mainly based on motive A3, some motive A2 modulated to E minor which integrate with A3. The lower voice continued repeating motive A3, and motive A2, the value of note is expanded at the upper voice. Section 2 Development The Andante starts roughly with a new Theme D at bar 331(example 5). A chorale which unfolds in tonal ambiguity as a parallel to the opening of the sonata at bar 1-7. Once again the structural seam is blurred, here by introducing the first chord of the Andante three bars early, then sustaining it until the changes of key, meter and tempo are accomplished silently at bar 331. Tempo is from Andante sostenuto to Quasi Adagio at bar 347, the key modulates to A major and theme C appears at bar 349. Theme B appears at bar 363 as F sharp major and modulates to g minor reappears again at bar 376. This is the only time theme B shows as minor (example 6). After the contrast between upper and lower voice, theme D which only showed twice in development now reaches a climax in development section (example 7). There are lots of diminished seventh and semitone after the climax. The Andante maintains the basic sonata characteristics. A secondary key area in the lowered mediant is presented after the opening tonic statement in F sharp; following two modulatory sections, both the chorale and the secondary material return for reinterpretation in F sharp. Like the first presentation of the chorale, the recapitulation at mm.393ff. likewise makes a gradual approach to the tonic. F sharp is confirmed throughout the remainder of the slow movement, particularly in an attenuated dominant progression at mm. 415-33. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.158 From bar 454, motive A1 becomes a bridge which connects development and recapitulation and at bar 460 Liszt used the term G flat instead of F sharp (enharmonic equivalent) for the changes of the key, which is from F sharp major to B flat minor (example 8). Example 5: Example 6: Example 7: Example 8: Section 3 Recapitulation In the Classical Style, Charles Rosen discusses one fixed rule of sonata recapitulation: material originally exposed in the dominant or dominant substitute must be represented in the tonic fairly completely, even if rewritten and reorderedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This is , of course, not a rule at all but a sensitivity to tonal relationships. Liszt conforms to this requirement. After the reinterpretation of secondary key area in the exposition in B major as a muted point of arrival, he omits the tonal deflection and its transitional tail, the bar 153-178 from the exposition are then restated in the tonic (mm.616-614); after m.644, motive A2 modulates, as did the original passage in the exposition. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.154 Why did I choose the fugue section (from bar 460) as a beginning of recapitulation? The structure in section 3 is similar to section 1, and the motives are symmetrical. This is why I choose the fugue section as a beginning of recapitulation. The reason why there is no motive A1 in the beginning, it is because motive A1 have already appeared at the end of development (bar 453-459, example 8), so the recapitulation starts with motive A2 and A3 (example 9). example 9: The fugues counterpoint gradually transforms itself in masterly fashion into a more homophonic texture, a process initiated by the combination of A2, articulated in chords, with A3 (bar502-508). A middle voice, also sounding A3, produces a stretto between the two lower parts. Motive A2 chords take on a more agitated dotted rhythm while the left hand forsakes A3 to take up A2- but in inversion at bar 509. At bar 554 the chromatic flux that introduced the B flat major to G minor to E flat major sequences of motive A2 takes a new turn. Liszt landed on a chord of E flat again, but without the sequence. The chord of E fat accompanies theme A1 (bars 555-560) to develop, however, serves to affirm the tonic of B rather than move away from it. The E flat chord maintains its first inversion bass of G, but upper voices move on to B and E nature, and theme A1 is repeated again. The G bass turns to F sharp, the dominant of B, and motive A2 and A1 alternate in different registers of piano. The var iant of shapes taken by these two motives can stop the inevitable pull to B, its dominant pedal attached in the bass. At bar 673 we hear them A2 in the same position again, but marked Presto with its initial G immediately contradicted by G sharp, simultaneously the beginning of the coda and a reworking of the false recapitulation, now transformed in the original key. Motive A1 increases in momentum to open the doors for a Prestissimo variation of motive A2 and arrive in B major with fff. After setting the entire keyboard ringing with the dominant seventh of B, suddenly breaks off. A silence introduces a recall of the Andante sostenuto in the tonic, its final cadence strangely interrupted (bar 728-729). The bass note has landed on B, nut the upper parts presents the diminished seventh chord of motive A2, the harmony that prepared the way for the Andantes first appearance (bar 328-330). The Andante recall seems to be going into reverse as the bass intones the sinister chatter of motiv e A3 on B. A weak cadence on a chord of B major is darkened twice by a reminder of the dissonant G with which the Sonata began. The final chord progression at bar 754-760 is probably the most remarkable of its type in the piano literature of the entire nineteenth century. A minor and F major are bravely posed for a coloristic approach to B major by thirds. The six four inversion of B major offers an accurate arrangement, the sonority is like bell-ringing, and the rhythm is disoriented. This unstable chord fulfills the function of closure normally supplied by a triad in root position. The root of this B major chord is then repeated in the bass as an unexpected point, just like a punctuation of full stop at the end (example 10). Example 10 In summarizing the relationship between content and form in the Sonata, the evidence of Liszts conscious control is overwhelming. The Sonata exhibits the same sensitive balancing of tonal and thematic elements for which Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven are recognized. The underlying differences issue from the change in the basic chord grammar. Weakening the tonic areas in a sonata form was only one structural manifestation of contemporary attitudes toward form, The expressivity of the sonata procedure had taken on a new dimension. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.164 How do the great pianists think about the structure? The great pianist , Alfred Brendel and Claudio Arrau, they think this sonata is one movement structure. From Alfred Brendels Book Music Sounded Out Alfred Brendel thought this piece as one movement structure including five sections. Claudio Arrau thought this sonata contains six sections. In Joseph Horowitzs Book Conversations with Arrau Arrau said that the mastery of construction sets this sonata apart. In its time such free form in a sonata was completely unknown. How does analysis affect performance? What effect should musics structure have on the way in which music is performed? In particular, how should the results of analysis be conveyed to the listener? One familiar response- at least, the one I have heard most often- asserts that analysis is useful because, knowing what a piece of music contains in terms of structure, the performer can proceed to bring it out. -Rink,J. (1995)The Practice of Performance In Alfred Brendels books: Schunabel always encouraged students to find out as much as possible about the structure, harmonies, motivic technique, used in each score. But there is no basis for interpretation in most of thisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.To begin the study of a new work by analyzing its form, in school-term paper fashion, is more harmful than helpfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦True analysis is but a clarification and intensification of musical sensitivity, an additional push in the right direction as established by musical instinct. Like Schnabel, I feel that few analytic insights have a direct bearing on performance, and that analysis should be the outcome of an intimate familiarity with the piece rather than an input of established concepts. A more convincing explanation for the genesis of the Sonata appears in an examination of Liszts corpus of one-movement instrumental works from the early fifties. As he discovered unusual formal procedures in the symphonic poems, for example, it seems more likely that he decided to experiment similarly in piano compositions. This hints that solutions to specific structural problems flooded into ideas for the content and architecture of the Sonata. The inspirational source was therefore an internal one, within Liszts own imagination, and related to his current orchestral projects. Liszts perceptive of the classical style, and his acknowledge recognition of a linking Beethovens treatment of form in the late works, and his own in the fifties, is worth examining. His intellectual approach to formal theory suggests an undiscovered avenue for understanding the basic technique of the Sonata. Liszt implemented structural principles adapted from the classical style should prove that the B minor Sonata was bound to tradition more securely than is commonly considered, and that his accomplishment of balance between traditional form and inspirational consent was in fact approached at skillfully.

The Historical Context of The Bhagavad Gita and Its Relation to Indian

The Historical Context of The Bhagavad Gita and Its Relation to Indian Religious Doctrines The Bhagavad Gita is perhaps the most famous, and definitely the most widely-read, ethical text of ancient India. As an episode in India's great epic, the Mahabharata, The Bhagavad Gita now ranks as one of the three principal texts that define and capture the essence of Hinduism; the other two being the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutras. Though this work contains much theology, its kernel is ethical and its teaching is set in the context of an ethical problem. The teaching of The Bhagavad Gita is summed up in the maxim "your business is with the deed and not with the result." When Arjuna, the third son of king Pandu (dynasty name: Pandavas) is about to begin a war that became inevitable once his one hundred cousins belonging to the Kaurava dynasty refused to return even a few villages to the five Pandava brothers after their return from enforced exile, he looks at his cousins, uncles and friends standing on the other side of the battlefield and wonders whether he is morally prepared a nd justified in killing his blood relations even though it was he, along with his brother Bhima, who had courageously prepared for this war. Arjuna is certain that he would be victorious in this war since he has Lord Krishna (one of the ten incarnations of Vishnu) on his side. He is able to visualize the scene at the end of the battle; the dead bodies of his cousins lying on the battlefield, motionless and incapable of vengeance. It is then that he looses his nerve to fight. The necessity for the arose because the one hundred cousins of the Panadavas refused to return the kingdom to the Pandavas as they had originally promised. The eldest of the Pandav brot... ...e first English translation of the Gita was published. All religious texts of ancient India were written in Sanskrit. In November 1784, the first direct translation of a Sanskrit work into English was completed by Charles Wilkins. The book that was translated was The Bhagavad Gita. Friedreich Max Mueller (1823-1900), the German Sanskritist who spent most of his working life as Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford University, served as the chief editor of the Sacred Books of the East. (Oxford University Press). The Gita was included in this famous collection. Since then, the Gita has become one of the most widely-read texts of the world. True, there are unexplained contradictions and paradoxes in this brief book, but its wide-ranging implications based on the two ancient Darshans of India and its allegorical meanings are still being examined and reinterpreted.

ALPES case anlysis Essay

CONTENT Part One 1. Key Issue Charles Rivers Laboratories (CRL) is evaluating a joint venture proposal that a Mexican company creates a state-of-the-art specific pathogen-free (SPF) egg for the vaccine. If the proposal is approved, CRL is going to invest 2 million dollars to the Mexican company. However, CRL must consider the potential risks of cooperation. Part Two 2.Internal Analysis: VRINE ANALYSIS 2.1VALUE Charles River Laboratories has a large variety of customers more than 15 countries, which means CRL is already capable to expand overseas market. The demand of SPF eggs is very high due to making flu vaccine. More than 100 million SPF eggs were consumed for influenza vaccines each year. The demand even exceeds its supply between 5 to 10 percent worldwide. Accordingly, the operation margin will be improved around 20 percent and revenue will be doubled in four years. Therefore, joint venture is valuable. 2.2RARITY The rarity of normal eggs switching to SPF eggs is relatively high. First, Charles River Laboratories is still using standard eggs to produce influenza vaccines. Many franchisees haven’t totally changed to cultivate SPF eggs. They still use old chicken farm, This goes to show that the traditional eggs haven’t been replaced and new eggs are rare. Second, most companies don’t intend to take an adventure to try new products due to political instability and corruption. However, SPAFAS took long time to do sufficient research on APLES. It means the rarity exists because not many companies decide take advantage of new eggs. 2.3Inimitable & Non-Substitutability The degree of inimitable and Non-Substitutability is medium. Even though not many companies start to produce vaccine by SPF eggs, there are still some like APLES working on it. Therefore, technology might be imitated by several companies to some extent. As far as APLES, it is the only company producing SPF eggs in Mexico. The popularity and loyal customers are strong so substitutes are hard to enter. However, other companies can still use the current standard eggs to make vaccine instead of higher price SPF eggs. 2.4Exploitability The degree of joint venture exploitability is high. According to high demand and double revenue prediction in the case, cooperation of CRL and ALPES could increase production of SPF eggs and highly benefit from sales to both of them. 3.External Analysis: PESTEL ANALYSISA The most highly used method when conduct the external analysis of a company is PESTEL Analysis, which includes political, economic, sociocultural, technological, environmental and legal aspects. 3.1Political Analysis Politically, in 1994, The North American free trade agreement came into effect, which allowed the free trade between USA, Canada, and Mexico. This political alliance benefited the economic development. The flow of capital, goods and services became more smooth and swift among these three countries. Due to the concerns from strong competition some business quit. Whereas, increased demand of vaccine production from U.S. and Canada led to the increased supply in Mexico. 3.2Economic Analysis Economically, as the case implied, demand for specific pathogen-free (SPF) eggs had exceeded available supply by five to ten percent across the globe. Furthermore, after the M&A, SPAFAS more than doubled its annual revenues while improving its operating margin to nearly 20%. To support the growth, CRL continuously invested capital in expanding domestic SPF egg production capacity. Alpes is the sole supplier in Mexico, which makes it more instrumentally beneficial from the production. Yet, problems such as endemic corruption, economic instability and unstable currency hinder the development of business in Mexico. 3.3Socialcultural Analysis Social and culturally, without being vaccinated against Salmonella and Campylobacter, poultry are easily got contaminated which excreted severe human health risk to people who were fed with these. Frankly, the recognition from the public of importance of vaccination would benefit the business like CRL and ALPES in the long run. Additionally, the bond the friendly relationship between the two family-style director boards has been combined successfully. 3.4Technical Analysis Technologically, having been founded in 1947, CRL was the global market leader in the commercial production and supply of laboratory animal models for use in discovery and research and the development and testing of new pharmaceuticals. CRL has taken the leadership position in SPF eggs production after the acquisition of SPAFAS. Additionally, Alpes was the only franchisee in Mexico. Given that production capacity is less than needed and highly sanitary standards are expected to be met, challenge still exist. 3.5Environment Analysis Environmentally, the old informal â€Å"handshake agreement† can be still influential when joint venture is functioned. And then, the market needs more production which means demand is more than current storage supply. The business opportunity is huge ever. Board directors are divided into two piles, one is supportive of the proposal and another is more objective to this business move. The freezing situation stands between Alpes and CRL: Alpes is in urgent need of capital investment, while CRL claims the acquisition. 3.6Legal Analysis Legally, Asian and European vaccine regulations are getting more and more strict and high-quality standard and tend to be more preferable to the vaccine industry. It is quite a challenging move prior to export products to theses countries. 4.Porter’s 5 Forces – Industry Analysis: 4.1Rivalry While Alpes supply eggs to the tow biggest buyers in the industry, there are  just two providers of the SPE eggs beside them. Furthermore, IDISA has a chance to make capital and compete in different area in the industry due to the 4 different companies that make profit in different research areas. As a result rivalry degree is comparatively (low). 4.2 Threat of Substitutes ALPES has the largest market comparing by other competitors in the same field. Actually, mice are the only threat they use, but this threat is has not too much influence and not strongly effective. Also, because of the expensive if this area buyers try to find another options. So, substitutes within the industry are (low). 4.3 Threat of New Entrants The threat of substitutes degree is from (medium to low) because of the difficulty of success they face due to the specialized in pharmaceuticals. But expertise in this area can find some of the facilities in less expensive areas easily. Furthermore, it is hard to the new entrant getting into industry because that needs a very high level requirement. SPF has a small market share in pharmaceutical and the lack of facilities prevent agriculture company supporting. ALPES has large market share because it is a provider to the two largest producer of vaccine. 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers: Power of buyers is low. Supplier of eggs has option to increase the prices due to the highly demands one of this demand is the tow biggest companies ALPES made further research into SPF eggs, which is between 5 and 10 percent. And this increasing in prices justified that the revenue in the first four years was almost doubled. 4.5 Bargaining Power of Suppliers There is little agriculture company that provides SPE eggs by facilities with high prices that’s why the power of suppliers is (high). Moreover, its hard to make high quality of good under the industries regulation and it is highly cost and expensive. Part Three 5.FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Ratio Analysis Indicators Year1 Debt-to-Equity 0.128 Current Ratio 8.903 Quick Ratio 7.901 From the table above, we can see that the Debt-to-equity ratio is very low. It shows that ALPES has a potential to use more debt to earn revenue. However, the current ratio and Quick ratio are quite high. A current ratio that higher than 1 means the company is able to pay off its obligations, as this ratio is 8.903, we are sure ALPES is in a very good condition. Much similar to Current ratio, if a Quick ratio is higher than 1, then the company is able to meet their short-term liabilities. As this ratio is 7.901, we can say ALPES has no doubt to meet its obligations. Forecast after joint venture Indicators Year1 Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Profit Margin 2.757% 15.802% 19.005% 21.110% 22.752% Gross Margin 18.867% 27.401% 29.270% 30.520% 31.489% Operating Margin 2.899% 15.914% 19.104% 21.200% 22.836% We can see from the chart above that, after joint venture, all of the profit margin, gross margin and operating margin will have an increase trend between year1 and year 5.The net profit margin indicates how much out of each dollar of sales a company actually earns. In year 5, the company will keep $0.23 in earnings for every dollar of sales. The gross margin represents the proportion of each dollar of revenue that the company retains as gross profit. In year 5 the gross margin will be 31.49%, therefore the company may retain $0.32 from each dollar of revenue generated to pay off liabilities. Operating margin gives us a view of how much a company’s operation can make on each dollar of sales. The company’s margin is increasing so it is earning more per dollar of sales. In year 5 the operating margin is 22.84%, this means that the company’s operation makes $0.23 for every dollar of sales. 6.Decision Criteria Decision making by CRL whether invest up to $2 million in ALPES to built a joint venture in Mexican has to consider tow criteria: expected profit and facing risk. 7.Alternatives 7.1Alternative 1 The joint venture with ALPES is a good option for Charles River Laboratories. CRL invest up to $2 million to APLPES joint venture to create a state-of-the-art specific pathogen-free (SPF) egg farm in Mexican. Mexico’s  trade policy implements the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) so it is open and welcome to foreign investment. Pros: Joint venture can overcome entry barriers in a foreign market Save transaction costs Provide new expertise and share resources, including specialized staff and technology Risks sharing with a venture partner Cons: Invest $2 million is not a small name. Investment itself is a kind of risk. It takes time to build partnership with foreign business. ALPES is a small family company. The different between U.S. and Mexico in culture and management style is a problem. Mexico currency is unstable and Mexico is an uncertain market. 7.2Alternative2 The following chart is the pros and cons of alterative two which is reject the proposal and no joint venture. As for this alternative, the pros can be illustrated in 3 aspects: CRL does have to invest extra 2 million capital into this project and avoid the loss and risk this performance may bring about. Cons can be elaborate in 3 aspects as well: if CRL declines to invest this joint venture, meaning giving up this opportunity and even worse leaves it to rivals and in a long run, maybe will jeopardize the benefit of the organization as a whole. Pros Cons No invest risk Discard opportunity to develop Spare 2 million capital Create a chance for competitors Avoid loss Less benefit for CRL in long run 8.Recommendations Growth about 12% and 15% annually and entire business by 20% is the strategic objective of Charles River Laboratories. Joint Venture can increase the sale, which helps CRL get this goal. Join a new market is a risk, but after  visit members of Romero family. It can be seen that this family has knowledge, government influence, and trust. ALPES believes that this corporation should be successes. Invest in Mexico presents opportunities as well as challenges. But Mexico’s trade barriers have reduced by the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The business environment should be friendly. 9.Implementation Firstly, visit Mexico to get more information about ALPES and Romeros’ family. Both the CEO and the board of directors believe that this project could be trusted and this joint venture would serve profit. Secondly, this joint venture company is 50%-50% equity share. The profits also go halves SPAFAS would invest $2 million cash and ALPES would contribute their knowledge-existing SPF and commercial egg assets to the joint venture company. Thirdly, the direction of the investment: $1.5 million should be used to increase the SPF egg production capacity of the joint venture. $250,000 would be used to establish a pre-incubation facility; the left $250,000 would be used for ALPES to do some activity to build good social image and complete the services. 10.Contingency Plan Charles River Laboratories (CRL) has to prepare a contingency plan for the certain events may interrupt normal business operations. CRL has to build a team to follow up operation of this joint venture to make sure the profit from $2 million investment.

Equal Human Rights for Women Essay

This paper explores human rights issues as it relates to women; the right to work; the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to be treated equally, the right to autonomy, and the violations of basic human rights. I will reflect on how the issue of equality for women is addressed nationally and globally. In discussing human rights related to women’s issues of social injustice by industrial and global exploitation, I explore ways in which social workers commit to equality and what current attitudes may need to be refined. I discuss how global exploitation continues to oppress and stigmatize females. This paper also examines barriers to change and how empowering women can raise their understanding of human rights and the process of change. In July of 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, based on the Declaration of Independence statement on equal rights for all, The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions demanded the equality of men and women in several issues including the right to vote (Stanton & Anthony, 1997). This proposed resolution stated, â€Å"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her† (Stanton, 1889). Thus, in the United States, the plight began for equal rights for women in a male dominated world. Considering the period of time human beings have inhabited this planet, the concept of equality of the human sexes is a rather new prospect. Men are generally physically stronger than women and have exploited this for centuries influencing societies, religions and traditions. They have created for themselves arenas which are beneficial and convenient for them however abusive and oppressive for women. In many countries, including our own, religion and tradition are often used as justification for not implementing equal rights. According to UNICEF, working women globally not only earn significantly less than men, they own far less property and still maintain the majority (80%) of household work (UNICEF, 2007). Biases in property law and inheritances also make women (and children by virtue of being born to women) more vulnerable to poverty. Historically, and in some countries currently, violence against women was/is generally acceptable and at times, considered necessary (i.e. honor killings). So how do we advocate for change from centuries of oppression and discrimination towards women? Ending discrimination in all forms and advocating for social justice is the concrete foundation and commitment of the Social Worker. The National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics states â€Å"Social Workers should act to expand choice and opportunity for all people, with special regard for vulnerable, disadvantaged, oppressed, and exploited people and groups (NASW, 2000, 6.04b). Social work practices, policies, and services must continue to address the disadvantages women and girls face. Advocacy for equal education, health care, employment, protection from violence, and rise from poverty for women is essential. According to NASW ethical principles, Social Workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of a person and are consistently proactive in helping people in need and advocating for social justice. In 1945 in its preamble, the United Nations and the peoples therein declared their commitment to â€Å"fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small† (United Nations, n.d.), solidifying their commitment toward equal rights for women. Social Workers and the nations representing the world have sworn their allegiance to ensuring impartiality between the sexes. But how far have we come in successfully accomplishing this goal? Jessica Valenti, a writer for the Washington Post states in her article For women in America, equality is still an illusion (2010), â€Å"despite the indisputable gains over the years, women are still being raped, trafficked, violated and discriminated against — not just in the rest of the world, but here in the United States. And though feminists continue to fight gender injustices, most people seem to think that outside of a few lingering battles, the work of the women’s movement is done.† This especially rings true to me. There are still so many serious injustices against women here in the United States (i.e. violence, trafficking, unequal pay, unequal governmental representation, etc.) but the general public rejects this fact, therefore, we are only beginning to tackle this problem. Many programs which support, empower, and assist women toward self-determination (NASW, 1.02) have been created however progress is slow and many more are needed. How is the rest of the world fairing toward the goal of equal rights for women? Read more:  Why Should Women Have Rights? There is a saying in Ghana, â€Å"If you educate a man, you simply educate an individual, but if you educate a woman, you educate a nation† (Women’s rights worldwide, 2007). But, unfortunately, being a woman in a developing country could mean a life of poverty, abuse, exploitation, and deprivation. In some countries, girl babies are killed because boy babies are considered more valuable. Woman worldwide own 1% of the property however work two-thirds of the world’s labor and earn 10% of the world’s wages. Honor killings (those women determined to dishonor a family) still occur in at least 17 countries identified by the United Nations. In 1980, the United Nations supported the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, sometimes referred to as the international bill of rights for women, where nations committed to end discrimination against women. People around the world express support for these world conferences and gender equality however people in many countries say inequalities persist. A 22-nation survey by Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project in the spring of 2010 suggests the world supports gender equality however many more changes are needed and change is less than vigorous. The following study chart describes the percentage of countries views on who has a better life and who supports equal rights (Pew Research Center, 2010). In my research of global rights for women established by macro entities toward practice and policy change, the Worldwide Women’s Integrated Society for Everyone and Everything best defines a global bill of rights for women which I admire and support. They call this The Thirteen Rights – A Global Bill of Rights for Women. It includes the following: 1) The right to vote in all elections 2) Equal representation in the government 3) The right to assemble and access to communication 4) Females will be educated equally to males 5) Freedom of movement 6) Freedom of marriage or non-marriage 7) The right to carry weapons for protection 8) The right to own property 9) Equal rights, pay, and access to work 10) The right to choice of personal appearance 11) The right to birth control 12) The right to safely terminate a pregnancy 13) The sanctity of female genitals. The International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) recognizing social workers’ commitment to human rights and equal treatment for all human beings, issued an international policy on women in 1999. Policy Statement 5.1 best sums up the views of international social workers by stating, â€Å"Women’s rights are human rights. To the extent that women and girls do not enjoy equal rights, their common human needs, and those of their families, will not be fully met and their human potential will not be fully realized. Therefore, the social work profession’s core commitment to human rights must involve a commitment to protecting and preserving the basic rights of all women and girls. Women of all ages and at all stages of the life cycle deserve protection from discrimination in all forms, including the elimination of all forms of gender-specific discrimination and violence† (IFSW, 1999). I am in complete agreement with the NASW and IFSW’s policies on equal rights for women. We must continue to research the effectiveness of national and international programs and reorganize, if necessary, to ensure delivery of rights to women everywhere. As social workers, it is imperative to advocate for all human rights, especially those oppressed, as women have been for centuries. We can do this through support, education, opportunities, and empowerment. I would like to see the United Nations imply sanctions to those entities that profess commitment to equal rights yet in reality do not â€Å"practice what they preach†. In this paper I have reviewed the journey toward equal rights for women on a personal, national and internationally level. Historically we’ve lived in a male-dominant world and the concept of equal rights for women has been generally foreign to global communities. Social workers are instrumental in expressing to each other and to the world the importance of dignity and worth of every person and the significance of a just and honorable society. In creating policies to define the rights of women, we must follow-through with punishing injustice practices in our own society and the global community. We still have a long way to go! References International Federation of Social Workers. (2012, February). Policies – women. Retrieved from http://ifsw.org/policies/women/ National Association of Social Workers. (2000) Code of ethics of the national association of social workers. Washington, DC. National Association of Social Workers. (2012). Social work speaks: National Association of Social Workers policy statements 2012-2014. 9th edition. Washington, DC: NASW Press. Pew Research Center. (2010). Gender equality universally embraced, but inequalities acknowledged. Pew Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2010/07/01/gender-equality/ Sowers, K. M., & Rowe, W. S. (2007). Social work practice and social justice: From local to global perspectives. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Stanton, E. C. (1889). A history of woman suffrage. (Vol. 1, pp. 70-72). Rochester, NY: Fowler and Wells. Stanton, E. C., & Anthony, S. B. (1997). The Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony papers project. In A. Gordon (Ed.), Declaration of sentiments and resolutions (Vol. 1). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Retrieved from http://ecssba.rutgers.edu/pubs/volume1.html UNICEF. (2007). Women and children – the double dividend of gender equality. (p. 36). The state of the world’s children, (2007), Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/sowc07/docs/sowc07.pdf References Valenti, J. (2010, February). For women in america, equality is still an illusion. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/19/AR2010021902049.html Women’s rights worldwide. (2007). Working against the oppression of women around the world. Retrieved from http://womensrightsworldwide.org/ Worldwide Women’s Integrated Society for Everyone and Everything. (n.d.). thirteen rights – a global bill of rights for women. Retrieved from http://globalwomensrights.org/index.php

Free Essays on Ligeia

A short story written by Edgar Allan Poe which fuses the themes of transcendence and lost love is "Ligeia,†. The narrator of this story meets and marries a woman of exquisite beautya woman named Ligeia. To the narrator, she is the perfect woman. She possesses classical beauty, expanded intellect, and spiritual purity. The narrator describes at length the strange attributes of this woman Ligeiaher raven-black hair; her low, musical voice; her ivory skin, lofty forehead; her delicate nose and radiant smile. However, Ligeia's most striking feature was the presence of her dark, large eyes, which the narrator is obsessed with. He seems to exert quite a bit of emotion when describing her eyes. By reading this story, you would realize that her eyes were the things that fascinated the narrator the most about Ligeia. The narrator describes his beautiful spouse almost like a ghost: "She came and departed as a shadow." He also thinks her beauty, more specifically her eyes, as a "! strange mystery." Her eyes make her seem unreal or superhuman because of her large "expressive" eyes that the narrator cannot explain except that they are "far larger than the ordinary eyes of our own race." Ligeia's unusual beauty represents a reoccurring theme throughout the story. The text portrays a rejection of the features that society would call "ordinary" beauty. One example of this is how Poe repeatedly points out how flaws in the classical appearance of Rowena, "the fair-haired, the blue-eyed," by comparing her to Ligeia whose "features were not of that regular mould which we have been falsely taught to worship in the classical labors of the heathen." Poe explains through the narrator how more exalted and meaningful Ligeia's beauty is specifically because she exhibits more natural features instead of the classical features. The rejection of the classical beauty and the welcoming of the unusual, mysterious beauty indicates Poe's bias towards Romanti... Free Essays on Ligeia Free Essays on Ligeia A short story written by Edgar Allan Poe which fuses the themes of transcendence and lost love is "Ligeia,†. The narrator of this story meets and marries a woman of exquisite beautya woman named Ligeia. To the narrator, she is the perfect woman. She possesses classical beauty, expanded intellect, and spiritual purity. The narrator describes at length the strange attributes of this woman Ligeiaher raven-black hair; her low, musical voice; her ivory skin, lofty forehead; her delicate nose and radiant smile. However, Ligeia's most striking feature was the presence of her dark, large eyes, which the narrator is obsessed with. He seems to exert quite a bit of emotion when describing her eyes. By reading this story, you would realize that her eyes were the things that fascinated the narrator the most about Ligeia. The narrator describes his beautiful spouse almost like a ghost: "She came and departed as a shadow." He also thinks her beauty, more specifically her eyes, as a "! strange mystery." Her eyes make her seem unreal or superhuman because of her large "expressive" eyes that the narrator cannot explain except that they are "far larger than the ordinary eyes of our own race." Ligeia's unusual beauty represents a reoccurring theme throughout the story. The text portrays a rejection of the features that society would call "ordinary" beauty. One example of this is how Poe repeatedly points out how flaws in the classical appearance of Rowena, "the fair-haired, the blue-eyed," by comparing her to Ligeia whose "features were not of that regular mould which we have been falsely taught to worship in the classical labors of the heathen." Poe explains through the narrator how more exalted and meaningful Ligeia's beauty is specifically because she exhibits more natural features instead of the classical features. The rejection of the classical beauty and the welcoming of the unusual, mysterious beauty indicates Poe's bias towards Romanti... Free Essays on Ligeia Two Portraits of women in Poe's tale Ligeia. Not only does Ligeia’s unusual beauty represents the main theme throughout the story, but the text reflects Poe’s rejecting the â€Å"ordinary†, a common theme in literature. The writter rejects classical values and welcomes supernatural through unusual, mysterious beauty. Ligeia was extremely beautiful, she knew a lot. A relationship with the narrator was a deep affection. He describes her very precisely as being afraid to omit any perfect feature: â€Å"I examined the contour of the lofty and pale forehead – it was faultless (†¦), the skin rivalling the purest ivory (†¦), the gentle prominence of the region above the temples†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The speaker portrays his perfect spouse almost like a ghost : â€Å"She came and departed as a shadow. I was never made aware of her entrance into my closed study†. He also thinks her beauty, more specifically her eyes, as a â€Å"strange mystery†. The narrator sees a secret in his beloved eyes. Her eyes make her seem unreal because they are so â€Å"expresive† and the narrator cannot explain except that they â€Å"far larger than the ordinary eyes of our own race†. He even compares Ligeia’s eyes to the stars: â€Å"Those eyes! Those large, those shining, th! ose divine orbs! They became to me twin stars of Leda†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The narrator is impressed by her voice also: â€Å"which at once so delighted and appalled me – by the almost magical melody, modulation, distinctness and placidity of her low voice.† At first it seems that the narrator is interested in Ligeia’s body only, because the largest part of her portrait consists of her physical appearance. But later it appears that the narrator is also impressed by her knowledge, she was the first woman met by him who was so intelligent. And in some spheres she knew even much more than her husband: â€Å"In the classical tongues was she deeply proficient and as far as my own acquin...

Internet and Technology essays

Internet and Technology essays The internet is a technology used by almost everyone around the world. This technology makes it possible for people to access valuable information through millions of sites that have been created by people willing to share there personal knowledge. This technology also allows people to communicate with one another either through email, instant messaging, or verbal chat. Telephone lines and coaxial cable make these connections possible. In this paper I will share with you the personal connection and social context this technology puts on me and other people around the world. The significance of this technology for me is that it allows me to communicate with family members, friends, and teachers easily and effectively. It also provides me with education through sites that have been developed either by companies or people such as college professors that provide you with the information you wish to gain. I feel that the internet good and bad. I believe it is good if you use the internet I ways which I have previously stated. I believe it is bad for reasons such as hackers breaking in to peoples personal information and corrupting computers with tools such as viruses. I believe that the internet operates fairly well depending on the type of connection you chose to have. For instance a dial up connection isnt as reliable as say a cable or a T1 or T3 connection. With a dial up connection your service provider might not be as solid, the speed of your connection is faster and disconnections could occur more frequently. On the other hand a cable connection you are connected all the time and the speed of you connection is almost ten times faster than a dial up. Costs of internet can vary according to which connection you chose to have. The average dial up connection cost around 20 dollars a month. A cable connection is about 50 dollars a month and a T1 connection could be as expensive as a couple hundred dollars a month....

When Do SAT Subject Test Scores Come Out

When Do SAT Subject Test Scores Come Out SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips After you take the SAT Subject Tests, you probably want to find out your results right away. You'll have to be a little patient, though, as you might need to wait between two and six weeks to get your SAT Subject Test scores. We've compiled the exact score delivery dates below. We also offer tips on how to track down your scores and what to do after you get them. Read on to find out just when you'll get your SAT Subject Test scores. SAT Subject Test Score Release Dates 2019-2020 After some delays in score delivery in recent years, the College Board now promises online score delivery within three weeks for most SAT and SAT Subject Test dates. Additionally, any colleges you designate as score recipients should get your SAT scores within 10 days after you get your own score report. As you can see, delivery dates (to both students and their selected schools) can range from two weeks to more than five weeks (for June score deliveries). In the chart below, you'll find windows for score release dates for the rest of the 2018-2019 Subject Test dates: Test Date Online and Paper Score Delivery Date Scores Sent to Colleges By May 4, 2019 May 17, 2019 May 27, 2019 June 1, 2019 July 10, 2019 July 20, 2019 Source: The College Board And here are our estimated dates for the 2019-2020 Subject Test dates: Test Date Online and Paper Score Delivery Date Scores Sent to Colleges By Aug 24, 2019 Sept 6, 2019 Sept 16, 2019 Oct 5, 2019 Oct 18, 2019 Oct 28, 2019 Nov 2, 2019 Nov 15, 2019 Nov 25, 2019 Dec 7, 2019 Dec 20, 2019 Dec 30, 2019 May 2, 2020 May 15, 2020 May 25, 2020 June 6, 2020 July 15, 2020 July 25, 2020 Source: The College Board The College Board delivers paper score reports at the same time SAT Subject Test scores become available online; however, they're not explicit about when exactly colleges will get SAT Subject Test scores, only promising that colleges should get them within 10 days after students get their own score reports. At least you know exactly when you can get your scores online, though. Read on for a step-by-step explanation of how to access your SAT Subject Test scores on the dates above. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Raise Your SAT Score by 160 Points(Free Download) How to Get Your SAT Subject Test Scores Internet score delivery for SAT Subject Tests should take place around 8 am Eastern Time (5 am Pacific Time). According to students, the scores sometimes appear a few hours earlier. To get your scores, log on to your College Board account and go to "My Test Scores." Once there, you'll see your scores from any and all SAT Subject Tests you've taken. You'll need your username and password to be able to log in and view your scores. If you don't remember one or both of these, go through the steps to recover this info with the email associated with your account. If you need to recover your username and/or password, try to do so before score release day. It wouldn't be any fun to go through this rigmarole as your scores wait in your account, just out of reach! According to the dates above, your paper score report should be delivered to you around the same time they come out online. You can also get your Subject Test scores over the phone by calling 866-756-7346 (domestic) or 212-713-7789 (international). This service costs $15 per call, so you'll need to have a credit card on hand. Now that you know when to expect your SAT Subject Test scores and how to access them, is there anything else to keep in mind about the Subject Tests? How to Schedule Your SAT Subject Tests Since you now know when you'll get your SAT Subject Test scores, you should design your testing schedule with these dates in mind, especially when it comes to college application deadlines. At present, the College Board does not commit to having scores to colleges by specific dates, only stating when they'll start to deliver them. Therefore, I suggest giving yourself at least a week of leeway between your score release date and your application deadline. It's possible that colleges will be more lenient because of past score release delays, but I wouldn't risk it or risk getting stressed out about it. You want to leave enough time for colleges to get your scores. You might also leave extra time to retake a Subject Test or two if you end up being disappointed with your scores. Remember that all the SAT Subject Tests are multiple choice and your answer sheets are scored by a machine. Make sure to keep them neat and not make any stray marks or doodles, as the machine won't be able to tell the difference between a real answer and a stray mark. As long as you schedule your SAT Subject Tests with enough time for colleges to receive your score reports, you'll be all set- you just have to wait out the weeks until you get your scores! What to Do After You Get Your SAT Subject Test Scores You've gotten your SAT Subject Test scores. Now what? Do you focus on SAT/ACT prep? Apply to college? Or just totally forget about your scores? Here's a step-by-step guide on what to do after you see your SAT Subject Test scores. Step 1: Determine How Good Your Scores Are First, it's important to check that your Subject Test scores are up to par (or even better than) the average Subject Test scores at the schools you're applying to. This lets you see whether you're on track to being a competitive applicant or whether you need to work a little harder on presenting yourself as an ideal candidate to schools. To find the average SAT Subject Test score for a college, search for "[School Name] SAT Subject Test scores" or "[School Name] average SAT Subject Test scores" on Google. Look for links to the school's official website and click the one that's most relevant. A good score will be one that's equal to or higher than the school's average. Unfortunately, not all schools list average SAT Subject Scores. If you're having trouble finding your school's average or recommended SAT Subject Test scores, try comparing your scores with official Subject Test averages and percentiles. This will tell you how many test takers you scored higher than on a Subject Test. Step 2: Decide Whether to Submit Your Scores to Schools Now that you have an idea of how well you did on your Subject Tests, it's time to decide whether you want to submit your scores to schools. (Note that if you elected to use the College Board's four free score reports when you registered for the tests, your scores will be automatically sent to the schools you chose before you can know what your scores actually are.) If a school requires Subject Test scores and you're only going to take the tests once, go ahead and submit your scores, even if they weren't as high as you hoped they'd be. You don't really have much of a choice here since not submitting them means your application will be disqualified! On the other hand, if Subject Test scores are completely optional, only submit your scores if they're higher than the averages at the school. If you got a low score, it's better to not submit it since all it'll do is bring down the quality of your application. (By contrast, if you submit no scores, this won't have any effect on your application.) If your school strongly recommends SAT Subject Test scores, it's best to send them in. That said, if you scored poorly on a test, you can choose to not send in that score and instead opt to retake the test at a later point (if you can do so before your college applications are due, that is). Check out our guide for a list of all SAT Subject Test dates. Step 3: Start Working On Your College Applications If you decided to submit your Subject Test scores to your schools, congrats! Now, it's time to start buckling down on your college applications. You'll want to present yourself in the best possible light, so make sure to write a great personal statement, submit strong letters of recommendation, and get involved in extracurricular activities you're interested in. If you decided to retake a Subject Test, you'll want to balance your time wisely by studying for the test and getting a jumpstart on your college applications. I suggest making a study schedule so you can pace yourself and space out the things you'll need to prepare for your college applications. What's Next? Have you chosen the dates you'll take your SAT Subject Tests on? Check out our article for the best dates to take the tests, and get tips on how to balance them with the general SAT or ACT. Are you also taking the SAT? Make sure you know all the steps to getting and sending your SAT scores, and figure out how high of an SAT score you should aim for. If you're taking the ACT, learn how to get and send your ACT scores and what ACT score you should aim for. Want to get a perfect SAT or ACT score? Read our guides to learn how you can score a perfect 1600 on the SAT or a full 36 on the ACT. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? 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Shanghai transportation PowerPoint Presentation

Shanghai transportation - PowerPoint Presentation Example ating in Shanghai city and this number is expected to rise in coming years as a result of rapid industrialization and general increase in disposable income associated with the growth of Shanghai’s economy. Motorcycles have increased over the last decade as more people prefer to use them for their convenience in snaking through traffic jams. These together with a staggering 7 million bicycles significantly increase crowding in the city (Dargay et al. 2014). Nanjing road in the city is known to be the most crowded street in the world with various holidays including New Year and Christmas among others being celebrated in it. These attract significant crowds that gather to enjoy fireworks. Shanghai is renowned for the worst rush hour traffic jams that are unmatched in any other Chinese city with a jam index of 2.16. These rush hour jams mainly occur on Monday and Thursday mornings as well as on Friday evening when the jam index as high as 2.3 has been recorded. Express ways have been built to lower the traffic jams but their effect has been minimal (Danielson, 2010). There are special lanes for buses with the city being home for the world’s broadest network of urban bus ways. There are a total of 1,000 bus routes that are run by many transportation firms. The Shanghai metro is a rapid transit system, which is a clever transportation idea comprising subways and light railways reaching all the major urban districts in the city and its suburbs (Chen, 2011). The Shanghai metro lines form the longest rapid rail network with a daily commuter population of over 7 million passengers. The bullet train is a rapid transport system that allows fast movements to and from Shanghai. Public transportation is not affected by airport operations and does not stop 2 miles from the airport as is the case in Los Angeles (Chinese academy of sciences, 2010). Public transport accounts for over 90% of the daily journeys in Shanghai, which is the highest among global cities. China does

Safety at the Fire Emergency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Safety at the Fire Emergency - Essay Example Overloaded buildings are also dangerous when the fire starts. This includes structures such as warehouses and factories which are packed to the brim and hence increasing the number of casualties (NFPA 588). Wild land fire is the opposite of a structure fire because it happens outside in the wild without habitat. Fighting these types of fires is also dangerous because of weather conditions such as wind which changes the direction of the fire. It is also hard to predict which area will burn next as the fire changes every time. These fires take long to be controlled leading to burnout by the fire fighters and hence laxity which is dangerous when it comes to fires. Due to the uncontrollability of the fire, prevention efforts are more crucial than the actual fire fighting. The fire fighters have to enact measures to prevent the fire spreading to a wide area and control it on one place to make it easy to fight which involves starting other small fires (NFPA

The Solar System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Solar System - Essay Example Our solar system can be said as the example of the above case [Nebula: Wikipedia]. It is believed that the formation of nebulae is the result of supernova explosions. One example of such is Crab Nebula, in Taurus, which is result of recorded supernova in 1054 AD. Also at the center of a nebula, a neutron star exists. It is also believed that the nebulae are created at the end of star’s life (star greater than 1.4 solar masses), when they become red giant and unable to sustain their entire mass [Nebula: Wikipedia]. In 1734, Emanuel Swedenborg had proposed the current accepted theory of planetary formation, which is know as the nebular hypothesis. Later in 1755, Immanuel Kant having familiar with the theory of Swedenborg developed this theory further. Kant said that nebulae slowly rotate, gradually collapsing and flattering due to gravity and eventually forms stars and planets. In 1796, Pierre-Simon Laplace had proposed similar model for nebulae [Nebular hypothesis: Wikipedia]. The nebular hypothesis states that a planetary system begins as a large (~10,000AU), roughly spherical cloud of very cold interstellar gas, which is a part of larger molecular cloud. This nebula is dense enough so that begins to contract under its own gravity and collapse of this been initiated by a pressure wave from nearby event, shock wave from a supernova, compressing the molecular cloud and thus forming the resulting star and planets. During collapse, three physical processes shape the nebula: it heats up, its spin increases, and it flattens [Nebular hypothesis: Wikipedia]. At the center of the solar nebulas, an increasingly dense protostar created because of gravity. The protostar gradually compacts further (about 10-50 million years) during the process of planet formation in the disk, reaching the conditions of temperature and pressure needed to initiate hydrogen nuclear fusion (star born). Initially microscopic seeds of solid

Bus law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bus law - Case Study Example The Verbal Negotiations Winston Graham, a partner of antic dealers, went to Daly Car Sales Ltd., a commercial vehicle dealer, to purchase a van after one of their three delivery vans was â€Å"written-off† in an an accident. Graham conveyed that he was in search for a replacement vehicle that can load up to 1 ton and a cubic capacity of 200 feet. He also explained that the vehicle will be maximized for regular delivery of furniture, their business, and that the average journey would involve normally four or fine large items of furniture. Immediately, Alan Daly retorted that there was an available van that will befit Graham needs. He was referring to a White Transit XL which he warrants as a van with capacity to run at a distance of 48,000 miles on the clock and the storage capacity suitable enough for delivery of furniture. ... The asking price was L4,800 (plus VAT) but Winston counter-offered a price of L 4,500 (plus VAT). Mr. Daly finally accepted Winston’s offer and they proceeded in signing the contract of sale, the latter was a standard form contract, the nature of which implied â€Å"take it or leave it† concept. Daly wrote â€Å"White, Transit XL, 48,072 miles† as details of the object of the contract. A week after the delivery of van, the firm’s driver reported a serious oil leak and a technical problem with its clutch. These problems were conveyed to Mr. Daly via telephone who assured Graham that his company would look into the problem if it will be returned to them before the end of the week. Graham failed to follow Daly’s advice following series of delivery schedules. Said van collected five antique desks and other heavy items which reached approximately the weight of 1 ton, just when its brake failed to stop the vehicle at a junction. Luckily, they were able to escape possible accident. But such experience made the driver decide not ever to use the new van for deliveries and collection to evade possible circumstance that an accident could happen anytime van’s defective engine and brake. The firm however used the van for â€Å"light duties† until it finally came to a halt. After thorough mechanical inspection, it was reported that the van necessitate complete replacement of engine and of clutch. Report also bared that the damage is attributable to constant loss of oil. The van’s total repair will cost more than L 1,000. While at this state, Graham discovered that the vehicle has only a cubic capacity of 150 feet and a load of half a ton. The Exclusion Clause The contract of the sale of van had an exclusion clause under Clause

BUS599 MoD 4 SLP Assign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

BUS599 MoD 4 SLP Assign - Essay Example In a pursuit to control the expected returns, the following analysis covered will dissect the specific changes that were implemented hence giving an indication of the crucial profit generating strategies which have been put in place instead of the already existing ones. In reference to the objective of the following essay, it is important to note that the various strategies which were implemented were meant to increase the total units sold, increase the market share and the total amount of profits generated. The following strategies were meant to ensure that the production of tablets; X5, X6 and X7 continued. To increase the total returns in sales (Huse, 1975) acknowledges that an effective planning strategy which includes proper allocation of funds and resource is always paramount towards eradicating the expenses and increasing the total returns. One of the implemented strategy included investing more on research and development. According to (Lury, 2011), customer preferences and interests vary with time, age and fashion. Therefore, in order to keep up with the changes, it was important that some resources were allocated to coming up with new products that would compete with the competitors. Some of the hindrances of sales result from poorly executed strategies which result to companies lagging behind the market leaders. As a result, as illustrated by (Williams, N & Williams, S, 2007), technological advancements and economic factors can lead to losses in event that a company does not plan amicably. The research and development department is delegated with the responsibility of innovating new products. According to (Jansson-Boyd, 2010), consumers always look for new products and also tend to prefer developed products over the already existing ones. Therefore, in reference to the new product, it was essential that the company invested more in research and

System Feedback Loops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

System Feedback Loops - Essay Example The environment in which organizations operate is not only complex but driven by numerous factors that define the competitive strengths and strategic plans of the business. These factors include the market competition, their strategic approach, customer expectations, preferences, research and development capabilities, economic, political and social aspects driving market trends, and technology know-how that involve new product ideas, techniques, and innovation (Smith, 2001). One of the biggest challenges faced by any organization operating in such environmental conditions is the ability to adapt to the needs of the changing market environment and the capability to harness its resources in the desired direction to achieve defined goals. Competitive strengths and advantages are developed by organizations through a deeper understanding of market driving forces and constant efforts in the direction of enhanced performance and productivity. Human resources play a vital role in helping the organizations achieve the defined goals and targets. A key aspect driving the performance of human resources is employee learning and skills development (Uslar & Prof Norbert, 2007). The paper explores the different dimensions of a learning organization through a study of feedback loops and its application within Industrial Services of America Inc (ISA). The market shares of the company have gone up steadily with the company focusing on delivering high quality products at competitive prices. However, the competitive industry environment offers distinctive challenges in the form of constant focus on product quality and innovative products to retain its market shares. Firms are finding it difficult to maintain pace with the rapid changes taking place in technology and need to adopt innovative work practices to launch new and improved product designs (Nowotny, 2006). ISA’s focus in such a scenario

BUS599 MoD 4 SLP Assign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

BUS599 MoD 4 SLP Assign - Essay Example In a pursuit to control the expected returns, the following analysis covered will dissect the specific changes that were implemented hence giving an indication of the crucial profit generating strategies which have been put in place instead of the already existing ones. In reference to the objective of the following essay, it is important to note that the various strategies which were implemented were meant to increase the total units sold, increase the market share and the total amount of profits generated. The following strategies were meant to ensure that the production of tablets; X5, X6 and X7 continued. To increase the total returns in sales (Huse, 1975) acknowledges that an effective planning strategy which includes proper allocation of funds and resource is always paramount towards eradicating the expenses and increasing the total returns. One of the implemented strategy included investing more on research and development. According to (Lury, 2011), customer preferences and interests vary with time, age and fashion. Therefore, in order to keep up with the changes, it was important that some resources were allocated to coming up with new products that would compete with the competitors. Some of the hindrances of sales result from poorly executed strategies which result to companies lagging behind the market leaders. As a result, as illustrated by (Williams, N & Williams, S, 2007), technological advancements and economic factors can lead to losses in event that a company does not plan amicably. The research and development department is delegated with the responsibility of innovating new products. According to (Jansson-Boyd, 2010), consumers always look for new products and also tend to prefer developed products over the already existing ones. Therefore, in reference to the new product, it was essential that the company invested more in research and

The Importance of Higher Education Through Community College Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Higher Education Through Community College Essay Why is higher education important you may ask through community colleges? There are many benefits to life that come with the achievement of higher education. Furthering your education puts you at a competetive edge with todays evolving technology and the aggressiveness of the present job market. Higher education plays such a huge factor in today’s society and yet there are still very many people out there who cannot afford to go to a big university because of the cost. Four out of ten graduating high school students start their college careers at community colleges. Along the same lines community colleges are the largest and fastest growing area of higher education which means that more and more people today are exploring and learning about the benefits of pursueing higher education through community colleges. There may be many reasons why we choose to further our education through community college. We all live busy lifestyles and at times just our daily lives, routines and obligations can dictate just how much time people can devote to pursuing a higher education. Some of us may already have families or may even be working at a job. There are also a great number of people as well who simply just spend beyond their means. All of these examples can play a huge roll on affordability and how much time a person can spend inside the classroom.And because of this, these obstacles may prevent or even discourage people from being able to become a full time student. Community colleges offer the opportunity to higher education at a lower expence and present the student with the opportunity to take advantage of the many various scholarships and programs that these community colleges have available. There are a great number of community colleges to choose from in every state of the country. And many of these schools have a lot to offer potential students. Community colleges such as Ivy Tech and Oakland City University for example, have a vast amount of programs and benefits that will allow people a chance to attend class no matter how much time their daily lives and routines require them to spend. These schools offer the student a selection of online classes, courses and even degree programs all ready to take from their home or office all online. In addition to online classes these two schools also omake available full or part time student enrollment, day time and night time classes are also available if needed to help accommodate all types of lifestyles,schedules and obligations. With all of these programs in place it makes pursuing your future that much easier to grasp. By allowing the availability to attend community college online and at different times of the day and by using government and student financial aid such as Pell grants and the Stafford student loan people can often get a degree without going into so much debt. Sometimes the availability of these classes can help people get degree’s even faster than they normally would if they had to be on campus at all times. With our busy lifestyles and the competitiveness of the job market in todays economy it is vital to have an education. Even though at times we may think to ourselves that we just cannot afford to attend community college or are simply just too busy with the demands of daily life to dedicate accomplishing such an important task. In my oppinion, othing can be further from the truth. Making the choice to attain higher education through community college is a fantastic decision for anyone wanting to be a competitive force in todays ever evolving technological world and try to win in the current job market. Going to a community college may be intimidating to some people for various reasons whether it is having enough time, money or obligations. And at times, may even let these issues disuade their decision to attend. There are no obstacles too big in your way of pursuing your future and your dreams. And by taking advantage of all the programs and benefits that these schools have to offer can and will help to ease any anxieties you may have of becoming a student pursuing a higher education through community college.

Industrialized Building System (IBS) | Literature Review

Industrialized Building System (IBS) | Literature Review CHAPTER 2:Â  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The objectives of this chapter will identify and study into the details and provide the literature review of Industrialized Building System (IBS). In this literature review of building system will also be covered in this chapter. The contents will focus on definitions of IBS, characteristic of building in Malaysia with application of IBS, advantages of IBS and disadvantages of IBS. The 5 types of widely used IBS in Malaysia project will be study in this chapter. In addition, the comparison of suggestion method which use of IBS in different building in Malaysia will be carried out in this chapter. Besides that, the systematic solution by applying IBS in current Malaysia projects which able to reduce waste during construction project life cycle which able to create and heading toward friendly or eco environment compare to conventional method will be carried out in this chapter. 2.1.1 Definition of IBS According to Dietz (1971), in the early literature defined IBS as the whole process of all the subsystems and components make full utilized of industrial production, transport and assembly technology. The IBS system is actually apply in construction industry is mainly to reduce input and generate more output by maximize or fully utilized the production, transportation and assembly during construction stage which indirectly save up a lot of time and costs for the process of above. (Dietz 1971) Meanwhile according Warszawski (1999), IBS defined as a set of interrelated elements, to take collective action that the designated and performance of the building. In additional, IBS is defined as a process of investment in facilities, technology and equipment, to minimize the amount of labour in the site, to improve the quality of building and to increase the speed of construction. From here we noticed that not only time and cost is being save up but indeed quality also can be improve by applying IBS. (Warszawski 1999). According to Parid (1997), IBS defined as a industrialized production technology used by the system, whether in component production or assembly of building. (Parid 1997) The interpretation from Esa et al (1998), IBS as continuous use of the system, so that the manufacturing use end-user to reduce waste of resources and enhance the value of each building craftsmen. (Esa etal 1998) According to CIDB, IBS is a construction process that transferring the substantial activities from site to factory where the building components are manufacture in factory then delivery to site and assembled at site. This is the process that involve prefabricated the elements of building in factory by using machine or formwork and on-site installation. 2.1.2 Classification of IBS In early stages, Badir (1998) proposed four types in Malaysia with Badir-Razali classification. These building systems which is conventional system, cast in situ system, composite building system and the prefabricated system is shown in Figure 2.1. Each building system is composed of representatives of the respective construction methods, thus further through its construction characteristics of the technology, features and geometry. (Badir 1998) Figure 2.1 : Types of building system according to Badir-Razali classification in Malaysia (Badir 1998) IBS also can be classified according to several aspects: According to structural system According to material According to relative weight of component 2.1.3 Classification according to structural system Panel system The loads are distributes by the large floor and wall panel where the building loads is support by wall in panel system. This system is suitable for those building are required large wall and this system is not suitable to building with large span. Frame system In frame system, the building loads are support by column and beam. The walls used is required light and easy to fix and concrete panels are introduces as flooring element. Box system The box systems is include those systems that make use of three-dimensional modules or boxes for fabrication of habitable units that are able of withstanding load from various directions due to their internal stability. 2.1.4 Classification according to material Timber The prefabrication of timber consists of two types which are ready-cut plus shop fabrication of joints (column and beam) and structural panels only consists of walls and floors without column and beam. Steel All the steel elements are prefabricated in factory then only transport to site to joints by welding or bolting at site. The large proportion of the strength to the weight allows a long-span or high-rise building. Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete has high degree of availability, durability, low material cost and fire resistance. There are two basic trends in development of reinforced concrete IBS components which are precast frame members such as columns and beams and panelised components such as walls and floors. Brick and block Brick and block for IBS are prefabricate and lay in factory then only transported to site and last erected at site. With this will ease the construction works at site. 2.1.5 Classification according to relative weight of component IBS components can be classified according to relative weight. Majzub explained that the relative weight of components should be used as a basis for building classification because the factor of weight has significant impact on the transportability of components and has influence on the production method of the components and their erection method at site. Table 1 is shown the building systems classification according to relative weight of component. (Majzub, 1977) Table 1: Classification according to relative weight of components (Majzub, 1977) 2.1.6 Types of IBS and apply to building in Malaysia Based on CIDB (2003) the classification of IBS in Malaysia is broken down into five categories, which is a precast concrete frame panel and box system, steel formwork system, steel framing system, block work system and timber frame system . IBS is a construction process that use of technology, products, components and on-site installation of building system. From the structural classification five of IBS display section, which are mainly classified according to some modifications, the main groups in Malaysia by CIDB. (CIDB 2003) 2.1.6.1 Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and box system Precast concrete components are the most common prefabricated elements in Malaysia. The precast concrete elements are the concrete product that manufactured in a controlled environment and being transported to the construction site for installation. There are precast concrete for columns, slabs, lightweight precast concrete, permanent concrete formwork, and beams. Besides that, it also consists of 3-D components such as staircases, toilet, balconies, lift chamber and etc. High degree of flexibility is one of the advantages of the system in regards of larger of larger clear span between column, resulting in wider open space and freedom of greater areas. Precast concrete wall system consisting og precast floor and load-bearing walls of building. The load-bearing walls and slabs are transfer to construction site for erected. The system is preferred simple and easy flexibility with due to the restriction of removal of load bearing will making it a lesser degree of flexibility. The carefully good coordination and design between builders and designer, the erection process is very fast, and the number of wet trade in the field can be reduced significantly. 2.1.6.2 Steel Formwork Systems This is the system formwork which is designed by manufacturer to replace a conventional timber formwork. The steel formwork is manufactured in the plant and then assembled on construction site. The steel reinforcement and service conduit will be installed on site before the steel formworks are installed. the installation is very easy by using simple support system. It can be described as a mould which the wet concrete can be poured into the mould and form the required shape, these steel formwork systems are subjected to quality control. This type of IBS method is considered as the low level in the construction industry. The steel formwork system that used in beams, permanent steel formworks, tunnel forms and column moulding forms. 2.1.6.3 Steel Framing Systems Steel is a strong rigid materials, suitable for a high degree of flexibility across the structure of long term construction and rehabilitation of the architectural details of the framework construction. The components of steel framing system are rolled into standardized sizes. The component are then manufactured which involves cutting, drilling, shot blasting, welding and painting. Steel frames are erected, welding and the tightening of bolt after they are fabricated. The steel framing systems has been a popular choice, and is widely used in fast track construction project, the system commonly used with precast concrete slab, steel columns and beams. 2.1.6.4 Prefabricated Timber Framing System In the early 1970s, single storey low cost terrace houses mostly built of pure timber frame and wood which sitting on three feet high plastered brick walls and taking advantages of simple raft foundation due to the high weight superstructure. These prefabricated timber framing systems is using the timber in the construction industry for the building. Usually the timber framing system are consists of timber building frames and timber roof trusses. Steel plate is being used during prefabrication of timber to join members of truss. All members needs to be treated with anti pest chemical. 2.1.6.5 Block Work Systems The time consuming traditional brick laying tasks are generally simplified by using block work systems. Interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks are involved in block work system. Fabricated and cured of the components take place in the plant. The elements are normally used as bricks in structures and interlocking concrete block pavement 2.1.7 Advantages of IBS for public housing There are many advantages of implementing IBS. according to CIDB (2003), compares to conventional method. Following are brief descriptions on a number of advantages where using IBS for the public housing:- Advantages Description Reduce construction time IBS will requires less construction time Because both the site work and the fabrication of element can take place concurrently work at site only the erection of IBS components. So, this leads to earlier occupation of the building. Save cost Reducing on-site workers significantly labor cost for contractors. (Wisam 2005). Minimizing cost of transferring waste materials due to quality control and reducing waste material. (Noraini 2009). Exemption of the Construction Levy for housing developers who utilize IBS components exceeding than 70%. (CIDB 2005). Provides earlier occupation of the building, thus reducing interest payment or capital outlays (Peng, 1986 cited in Mian, A.T.E, 2006). Saving in labour Because the IBS components are produced in factory and higher degree of using machine so will reduce of labour dependency of labour and cut down the cost of labour. According to Abraham Warszawski (1999), the labour savings in prefabricated elements may amount to about 80% of their conventional requirement. So, will reduced the total foreign workers need in the construction industry. Optimized use of materials Higher degree of precision and accuracy in the production can be achieve by using machine to produce IBS components and consequently reduce material wastage. So, the wastage at site will be reduced if using the IBS. High quality and better finishes Quality control is an ever-increasing requirement in all construction. Controlled environment in factor, superior material selection and high mechanized technology lead to high quality controlled products. (Din 1984). High aesthetic end products through the processes of controlled prefabrication and simplified installations has maintained and ensured the quality of work in the construction industry (CIDB-(2), 2003 cited in Mian, A.T.E, 2006). Better quality control since production in factory is under heltered environment. Better quality will reduce the maintenance expenses because prefabricated components require less repair and preventive maintenance. Construction operation less affected by weather The fabrication of IBS components will not be effected by climate changes it is done in factory and only erection of the components take place on site Faster project completion due to rapid progress under all weather construction. Flexibility Different systems may use different prefabrication construction methods. IBS will provide more flexibility in the deign of precast element. By the flexibility in Architectural design (Warszawski, 1999). Increase site safety and neatness This method neater and safer site condition can be obtain thru this method. Promote safe and systematic factory working environment as minimal workers, materials and construction waste is requires on site. (CIDB 2003). Construction process can be less thru using IBS components especially for the wet work at site. 2.1.8 Disadvantages of IBS for public Housing Although there are a lot of advantages of IBS, however there are limitations for this system to be use too. Nothing in this world is perfect, so as using IBS. disadvantages of IBS are as follows:- Disadvantages description High initial capital cost The initial capital cost of IBS is usually higher than conventional method. The initial cost is includes the casting beds, cost of constructing the factory and support machinery. This method only can be achieved when undertaking large demand for housing project. Problem of joints These methods are very sensitive to the errors and sloppy work. Water leakage between joints is often the major problem when IBS is being used. This problem is clearer in Malaysia where raining occur rapidly throughout the year. Sophisticated plants and skilled operators The prefabrication system relies heavily on sophisticated plant, when skilled operators are required to the fabrication process coordinate and maintain. The entire project would be on a stand still if any of the section breakdown. Site accessibility One of the most important factors of the implementation of IBS is the site accessibility. IBS requires sufficient site accessibility to transport IBS components from factory to the site. According to Warszawski (1999), the transportations cost of prefabricated elements from plant to their construction site, amount to 3% to 5% of their total cost for distances not exceeding 50kn to 100km. Large working area Building construction using IBS required a large working area for the tower crane, factory, storage and trailers for the IBS components. Most construction in order areas are often congested and fail to provide the area required.