Domestic Violence Crime And Victims Act 2004 Social Work Essay

Domestic Violence Crime And Victims Act 2004 Social Work Essay The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 closes a legal loophole, (whereby defendants in murder and manslaughter cases could escape conviction by claiming each other had killed the child), by creating a new offence of causing or allowing the death of a child or vulnerable adult. The offence establishes a new criminal responsibility for members of a household where they know that a child or vulnerable adult is at significant risk of serious harm.(NSPCC, 2010) This Act is about the focus on criminal justice upon legal protection and assistance to victims of crime, particularly domestic violence. It expands to the provision for trials without a jury, brings in new rules for trials for causing the death of a child or vulnerable adult, permits bailiffs to use force to enter homes.(Wikipedia, 2011) What are childrens need? The definition of childrens needs is not easy. Katz suggested that one of the most salient aspects of the field of early childhood education is the sharp divergence of views among workers and clients concerning what young children need as well as how and when these needs should be satisfied (Katz 1977:69). Maslow (1954) identified three types of need: primary needs (air, food, sleep); emotional needs (love, security); and social needs (acceptance by ones peers). What Law says about childrens right? Childrens rights focuses on the domestic laws and policies that affect child health and social welfare, education and special needs, child labour and exploitation, sale and trafficking of children, and juvenile justice. The childrens rights movement promotes legal protections and safeguards for children, distinct from those of adult. How to safeguard a child? The solution in order to protect children from being abuse is going on the extra mile to care about the childrens life after school hours in order to keep a relationship between the family. It is essential that to understand the families background because we might not able to understand them better through the children. We need people to be more caring. What is abuse? Abuse is an attempt to control the behaviour of another person. It is a misuse of power which uses the bond of intimacy, trust and dependency to make victim vulnerable.(novavita,nd) There are types of abuses:- physical sexual neglect psychological / emotional Physical abuse is often the most easily recognized form of abuse. Hitting, shaking, burning, pinching, biting, choking, throwing, beating and other actions are categorized as physical abuse, it may also cause physical injury, leave marks or cause pains. Sexual abuse is a sexual act or contact between an adult and anyone younger than 18 years old; between a significantly older child and a younger child; or if one person overpowers another, regardless of age. Psychological or emotional can be the most difficult to identify because there are usually no outward signs of the abuse. This abuse happens when yelling and anger go too far or when parents constantly criticise, threaten, or dismiss kids or teens until their self-esteem and feelings of self-worthy is damaged. Emotional abuse can hurt and cause damage just as physical abuse do. Neglect is difficult to identify and define. Neglect occurs when a child doesnt have the primary needs like food, shelter, clothes, medical care or supervision. Emotional neglects happen when a parent doesnt provide enough emotional support or deliberately and consistently pays very little or no attention to the child. This doesnt mean that a parent doesnt give a kid something he or she wants, like a new computer or a cell phone, but more to basic needs like food , shelter and love. What improvements has been done between the Childrens Act 1989 and Childrens Act 2004? After the astonishing incident of Victoria Climbie, the Act was created with a certain goals. It built in such a way that to give boundaries and help for local authorities and/or other entitles to better regulate official intervention in the interests of children. The Act also made changes to the law that pertain to children, notably on foster homes,adoption agencies, babysitting services and the handling of child-related crimes and crimes against children. Reasons of child abuse There are many factors that are potentially to start child abuse. Most commonly are the past events of child abusers that they experienced while they were young and as they grow up, they think that its fine to hit or beat a child, in other words which is teaching them a lesson. Another factor is that parents or child abuser cannot withstand childrens nuisance especially when parents are undergoing stress or other aspects that they are not in rationale state to cause abuse to happen. The causes of child abuse are too much to be narrowed down to a single cause. Most of the time, there are multiple factors are in play. For example, a father is an alcoholic and some part of the family system is caught up in a cycle of abuse that spans generation of the family. Now we can say that the alcoholic may be a contributing factor to the dysfunction, but there is also the generational factor to consider. Therefore, analysing the cause of child abuse , its easier to break it into sub categories which put children at risk for being abuse and neglect. These includes the social-economic causes of child abuse, family environment, parental profile and child-related characteristics. The term causes of child abuse is in reality about the conditions which may make child abuse more likely. There are 4 major causes of child abuse: Social economics Family income level Differing cultural value Institutionalized manifestations of abuse Family Environment Domestic Violence Single Parents Child-rearing practices Parental Profile Age of the Parents Low self-confidence Past history of abuse Drug and alcohol problems Mental health problems Low prevalence of social ties Refusal to believe their way of parenting is wrong The parent is mentally handicapped in a way that doesnt enable him or her to provide proper care for their children Having unrealistic expectations for their children and little knowledge of the developmental stages children go through. Child-related Characteristics Age of the child The child has physical or mental handicaps Childs gender The was unwanted and/or reminds the parent of an absent partner or spouse Childs personality is not a good fit with the parents personalities Reduced positive interaction between a parent and child due to separation from a parent during critical development periods. Impact of each different types of abuse Physical child abuse effects vary from child to child depending on six factors: severity of the physical abuse How hard a child is struck is only one aspect of severity. The implement the child is struck with is also a factor. This does not mean that using an open hand or fist will result in fewer or lesser effects; the harm done to the child is measured both by physical injury and emotional injury frequency of the physical abuse A single incident of physical abuse can result in severe trauma, but generally, the more often the physical abuse occurs the greater the impact on the child. age of the child when physical abuse began The younger the child was at the on set of physical abuse, the greater the imprint, and thus, the greater the impact. This particularly evident when the abuse continues throughout the childs life. childs relationship to the abuser When a child has a very close relationship with his/her abuser, the feeling of betrayal are that much greater; the very person who is supposed to protect is instead hurting that child. availability of support persons When a child has no one to turn to, increased feelings to abandonment occur, which in turns adds to the physical child abuse effects. childs ability to cope A child will find a way to cope with the abuse. The methods a child uses can add to the effects. Coping skills can be: Physical emotional inward outward Emotional abuse effects are directly connected to the relationship between the victim and abuser. The closer the relationship, the more devastating the effects on the child or youth. As the intensity, frequency and duration of abuse increases, so does the effect on the psyche of that child or youth. The negative messages of emotional child abuse causes inner damage that either destroys or impairs the development of a positive sense of self. Emotional child abuse is by definition constant negative messages, but even a single message of rejection can have long-lasting negative effects on the child or youth. Physical Effects Speech problems lags in physical development failure to thrive facial tic eating disorders self harm drug abuse attempt suicide Behavioural Effects low self-worth irritability overly reactive sleep disorders inability to trust others depression inappropriate behaviour for age withdrawal profound sadness stealing lying prostitution engaging in risky behaviours Emotional Effects inability to control emotions questioning of religious beliefs The effects of child neglect are not limited to the children in the neglectful families. Research is now showing that effects last well into adulthood. And not just emotionally, but physically as well. Sexual abuse effects on children and youth can be evident in emotional, physical and behavioural ways. These effects can be just as devastating whether there was only one occurrence or there were repeated occurrences. Sexual abuse cannot be compared, because each abuse experience is unique. Children are vulnerable to sexual abuse because of their age, size and innocence. When a child or youth is molested, she/he learns that adults cannot be trusted for care and protection: well-being is disregarded, and there is a lack of support and protection. These lead to grief, depression, extreme dependency, inability to judge trustworthiness in others, mistrust, anger and hostility. And as if all that isnt enough, children bodies often respond to the sexual abuse, bringing on shame and guilt. Conclusion Lastly, if a child is been abused mentally and physically, the possibility of the child to be affected is very high. This will not only affect the child himself but his future will be affected due to previous abuse that he has gone through. It is everyones responsibility to make sure all child is protected and given the right environment for their development in young age.

Exercise 40 Chi Squared

Researchers routinely choose an ? -level of 0. 05 for testing their hypotheses. What are some experiments for which you might want a lower ? -level (e. g. , 0. 01)? What are some situations in which you might accept a higher level (e. g. , 0. 1)? An alpha level of 0. 05 is arbitrary and was set as a standard by scientists. One of the key concepts in hypothesis testing is that of significance level or, the alpha level, which specifies the probability level for the evidence to be an unreasonable estimate.Unreasonable means that the estimate should not have taken its particular value unless some non-chance factor(s) had operated to alter the nature of the sample such that it was no longer representative of the population of interest. (Price, 2000) As a researcher, you have complete control over the value of this significance level. The alpha level should be considered based on the research context and of the researcher’s personal convictions about how strong they want the evidenc e to be, before concluding that a particular estimate is reasonable or unreasonable. Price, 2000) An alpha level of 0. 05 is the recommended norm for a two tailed test. The alpha level should be considered based on personal convictions of how strong you want your evidence to be. The alpha level is the probability or p-value that the researcher is willing to accept as significant. It can also be interpreted as the chance of making a Type 1 or Type 2 error. When you set a more stringent (smaller) alpha level, like . 01 or . 001, (which decreases the probability of making a Type I error) you increase the likelihood of making a Type II error.Hence, it is suggested that an alpha level of . 05 is a good compromise between the likelihoods of making Type I and Type II errors. An experiment where you may want a lower alpha level (e. g. , 0. 01) would be for example a drug study for coagulation times. You would want to be certain the drug is effective, therefore a lower alpha level would be p rudent. Within this same drug study, you would accept a higher alpha level when looking for drug side-effects. (University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center , 2013) References Price, I. (2000).What Alpha Level? In I. Price, Inferential Statistics (p. Chapter 5). New England: University of New England. University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center . (2013). Hypothesis Testing . Retrieved March 21, 2013, from Biostatistics for the Clinician : http://www. uth. tmc. edu/uth_orgs/educ_dev/oser/L2_2. HTM 4DQ1 How would you explain the analysis of variance, assuming that your audience has not had a statistics class before? When examining the differences between two or more groups, you can use the analysis of variance which is known as ANOVA.This is a statistical technique that is used to compare the means or averages of more than two groups. There are three uses of ANOVA which are the one-way, the two-way and N-way Multivariate ANOVA. (Solutions, 2013) The determining factor when to use one of the â€Å"ways† is dependent upon how many â€Å"treatments† are used in the study. We use the term treatment because ANOVA originated in the 1920’s to test different treatments of fertilizers’ crop yields. (â€Å"Analysis of Variance,† 2012, p. 2) Here, we will cover the one-way and the two-way ANOVA.The one-way between groups, ANOVA is used when you want to test the difference between two or more groups. This is the simplest version of ANOVA. (Crossman, 2013) This could be used for example in a study on the ages of patients on different cardiac medications. Here we are only looking at the various ages of patients. The two-way ANOVA between groups is used to look at complex groupings. (Crossman, 2013) For example, the patient’s ages in the previous example could be extended to include the patients from other countries to see if the ages vary from those in the U. S.So you would have three two effects from this ANOVA: the effect of the ages and the effect of abroad versus local. Using ANOVA in this study, you could also add diet to see if there is any association between cardiac meds, patient’s ages, and differences of abroad versus local. ANOVA creates a way to test several null hypotheses at the same time. (Solutions, 2013) There are however, certain assumptions that need to be met for true comparison of means prior to conducting the analysis which are: 1. The population in which samples are drawn should be normally distributed. 2.Independent of case: the sample cases should be independent of each other. 3. Homogeneity: Homogeneity means that the variance between the groups should be approximately equal. (Solutions, 2013) â€Å"ANOVA is used very commonly in business, medicine or in psychology research. In business, ANOVA can be used to compare the sales of different designs based on different factors. A psychology researcher can use ANOVA to compare the different attitude or behavior in people a nd whether or not they are the same depending on certain factors. In medical research, ANOVA is used to test the effectiveness of a drug†. Solutions, 2013) References Chapter Fourteen Analysis of Variance. (2012). Retrieved from www. ssc. wisc. edu/~aaradill/310_spring2012_chapter14. pdf Crossman, A. (2013). Analysis of Variance. Retrieved March 25, 2013, from About. com: Sociology: http://sociology. about. com/od/Statistics/a/Analysis-of-variance. htm Solutions, S. (2013). Analysis of Variance. Retrieved March 25, 2013, from Statistics Solutions: http://www. statisticssolutions. com/academic-solutions/resources/directory-of-statistical-analyses/analysis-of-variance/What is an interaction? Describe an example; what are the variables within your population (work, social, academic, etc. ) for which you might expect interactions? An interaction is the variation among the differences between means for different levels of one factor over different levels of the other factor. (Easto n & McColl, 2013) In statistics, an interaction may occur when considering the relationship among three or more variables. It describes a situation in which the simultaneous influence of two variables on a third is not additive. (PediaView. om, 2013) For example, an intra-operative vascular study on the use of gelfoam for topical hemostasis is being conducted. Half of the surgical patients received gelfoam with normal saline, and the other half received gelfoam with topical thrombin 5,000units/5cc of normal saline. All of the surgical patients received IV protamine to reverse the IV heparin. It was found that gelfoam with normal saline alone was effective, and gelfoam with topical thrombin alone was effective in reducing bleeding in the operative site (main effect of gelfoam and main effect of gelfoam and topical thrombin with IV protamine).Also, for those patients who didn't receive the thrombin, the gelfoam worked equally well (main effect of gelfoam); those who received gelfoam a nd normal saline got the benefits of both (main effect of gelfoam and main effect of IV protamine). However, it was found that those patients who receive gelfoam and topical thrombin got the benefits of both plus a bonus, an interaction effect (main effect of gelfoam with thrombin and the main effect of protamine plus an interaction effect). Reference Easton, V. , & McColl, J. (2013).Design of experiments & ANOVA. Retrieved March 25, 2013, from Statistics Glossary: http://www. stats. gla. ac. uk/steps/glossary/anova. html#intern PediaView. com. (2013). Interaction (Statistics). Retrieved March 25, 2013, from PediaView. com: http://pediaview. com/openpedia/Interaction_(statistics) 5DQ1 What is an example in the world around you for which you would use a Chi-square analysis? 5DQ2 Now that you are familiar with the basic concepts of statistics, what are some examples of when you have seen or heard statistics used inappropriately?

Body Images and Popular Culture in China Essay

Chen clams that Chinese girls have stronger preferences for a thin ideal predict body dissatisfaction because it has been rooted in Chinese history for centuries as their traditional idea. However, I believe that this is not the case, because the mass media and western ideas have a strong impact on today’s China. Young Chinese women have often said like a habit, â€Å"I want to be skinny. † Why do Chinese do they desperately wish to be slim or prefer to be thinner? There are many popular and famous celebrities who are typically skinny in China. The mass media pervades the everyday lives of people living in Chinese society. It plays an important role in influencing their attitudes on how they view themselves in term of body image. Not only influencing them on styles, fashions, and makeups but body images dealing with society’s standard what is beautiful and cute. They are powerful conveyors of the sociocultural ideals, so they can illustrate people’s mind about body images. Especially Chinese women are engaged in a rational struggle to understand the significance of pubertal weight and shape changes in a culture and full of confusing messages about female sexuality and female desires. The mass media and interpersonal influences on body image affect many young Chinese women. They create the body images as a message to the society, and the message spread among young Chinese women. Appearance pressure associates with body dissatisfaction. The message spread through typically TV, magazines, advertising, and films. In Dong’s â€Å"Who Is Afraid of Chinese Modern Girl,† she describes high class of modern Chinese girl’s qualities are appeared in the mass media. The figures are considered as good and respectable women figures in China. She states, â€Å"The magazine juxtaposed photos of real women with advertising images and fashion sketches and created a space for imaging the modern by blending reality, desire, and fantasy† (Dong 196). According to magazines’ surveys, majority of magazine readers are women and girls. For instant, there are many articles in fashion magazines how to dress and how to lose weight, which are targeted on young girls. Models in fashion magazines are pretty and beautiful in their eyes, and they believe that the models are considered what is beautiful in the society. The models are like a dream for many young girls. In Cash Pruzinsky’s book Body image, they discuss an important relationship between young girls and mass media. They explains, â€Å"In early adolescence, girls consider magazine articles and advertisements to be an important source of information for defining and obtaining the perfect body are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body. Many girls compare themselves to the slender, glamorous women in magazines and on TV† (Cash and Pruzinsky 79). In addition, girls are more likely than boys to feel pressure from the mass media and close interpersonal networks such as family and friends about their appearance because they generally have conversations about their appearance in more infrequency. Frequent appearance comparisons and discussions are important influences on body dissatisfaction. Cash and Pruzinsky argue that socializing and associating with others would send the media-based messages to others. They explain, â€Å"Socialization about the meaning of one’s body involves more than cultural and media-based messages. Expectations, opinions, and verbal and nonverbal communications are conveyed in interactions with family members, friends, other peers, and even strangers† (Cash and Pruzinsky 40). The female images represented by the mass media restrict women, and they are giving them a wrong message. This culture further prescribes the myriad body altering means of attaining societal expectations by dieting, exercising, using beauty and fashion products. For more advantages of Chinese companies, they would use mass media as a technique of advertising skills to sell their diet and cosmetic products effectively. Body image, the multifaceted psychological experience of embodiment, profoundly influences the quality of human life. The mass media shapes the idealized images and acceptable appearance. The body images what is called the perfect woman figures are created and presented by the mass media, and they can affect on the attitudes and behaviors of young Chinese women. China is a densely populated and rapidly developing country where has been absorbed various different cultures. In Louie’s book Modern Chinese Culture, she discusses that mass media serves as an interface between the self-identities of youth, consumer culture, global fashions and cultural trends. She states, â€Å"A distinct urban youth culture is taking shape, nurtured largely by an electronically based consumer culture. As such, this youth culture is the embodiment of globalization: it draws its icons, styles, images and values mainly from the ‘global’ consumer culture and entertainment culture†(Louie 331). Without a doubt, China has been strongly westernized, so it is most apparent that body image problems are increasing. The mass media expresses feminine standards of attractiveness such as ultra-thinness. It can encourage awareness of expected standards for appearance and behavior and willingness to adapt other’s preference in the service if international harmony. The mass media set standard images of attractive women, and they have affected to women’s life. This belief of sociocultural perspective is that cultural values influence individual values and behavior. Attractive women based on mass media’s influences have better life in general than women who are not attractive. They are the recipients of all manner of positive behaviors, and they appear to develop positive characteristics as a consequence. They are often treated more favorably than their less attractive counterparts. They receive more attention, positive interactions, and help from others. They experience greater occupational success and popularity, and they also have more dating and sexual experience. They have higher social self-esteem, better social skills, and better health both physically and mentally. The perspective addresses the source of Chinese cultural values regarding attractiveness, and there appears to be cross-cultural agreement in what constitutes physical attractiveness. The mass media’s idealized depiction of thin female figures may influence Chinese women’s body image in a several of ways. The body images have caused young Chinese women some problems such as emotional depression, lowering self-esteem, and eating disorders. The current societal standards for female beauty enormously emphasize the extreme thinness, and the level of thinness is almost impossible for most women to achieve by healthy means. The potentially negative consequences of the thin ideal, elaborated elsewhere in this volume, include negative body image, low self-esteem, and psychological and physical disorders of life threatening proportions. They have a powerful impact on them for their welling and self-esteem. â€Å"Because negative body images are likely to induce negative mood states such as anxiety and depression, the activation of a negative mood can activate the body self-schema, resulting in the exacerbation of body image disturbances†(Cash and Pruzinsky 50). Many young Chinese women feel public self-consciousness and appearance based social pressure. Public self-consciousness is a cognitive development correlated with body dissatisfaction among young girls as their brains region that process social information mature. Their brains focus on perception to one’s appearance and behaviors. They tend to adapt as media’s perspective as a positive image, and they decrease self-esteem and oppositely increase their body image concerns. The social pressure to look like perfect woman figures is associated with women’s happiness and success. They feel more pressure linked directly with shape, weight, and weight loss. â€Å"Thinness is a feminine and attractiveness ideal in China† (Chen 4). Girls who are perceived more pressure from the mass media are predicted more likely to have eating disorders. Rates have been increasing in China. Dissatisfaction with weight and shape is a moderately strong correlate and predictor of the perceived need to be thinner and the actions of dieting and purging. In conclusion, the social pressures of body images communicate through exposure to mass media portrayals of physical attractiveness contribute to body dissatisfaction for Chinese women. There are some historical and Chinese traditional aspects of body images as Chen argues. However, I argued that the mass media presentation of thin images as the ideal is a major contributor to current levels of body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in China. There is a significant relationship between Chinese women’s body image and the mass. The commonness of the mass media confirms that nearly all girls and women are exposed to a substantial and idealized images of thinness and beauty. Most are vulnerable to adverse effects when they are exposed to media images. The mass media may be over influenced to promote the ideal attractiveness standards. The evidences show that media images contributes to negative body image, The most obvious strategy would be to reduce exposure to idealized images of thinness by encouraging the media to present a wider and more realistic range of female body shapes as acceptable and even beautiful. Even though the images narrow range of female body images, it is hard for them to resist being influenced by the mass media. It sets the standards of beauty, which has been greatly influenced by western countries; therefore, Chinese women have been losing their traditional features. It limits and controls their attitudes and behaviors.

Primary Source Analysis Equiano - 937 Words

Primary Source Analysis – Equiano Olaudah Equiano had a very unique experience with the slave trade system. He began conveying his experience with how he was captured in his village by two men and a women, who kidnapped him and his sister. Their captors traveled with them for a few days before separating the siblings, and selling Equiano to his first master. He was treated fairly well, even when he ran away for a day and came back, he says his master â€Å"having slightly reprimanded me, ordered me to be taken care of, and not ill-treated.† (Equiano 27) Shortly after this engagement, Equiano’s master loses his wife and child and sends Equiano away to be sold again. He even gets to see his sister one last time before, again, they are separated. Equiano is then sold to another master, a wealthy widow who had a son. Equiano then states, â€Å"The next day I was washed and perfumed, and when mealtime came, I was led into the presence of my mistress, and ate and dran k before her and her son. This filled me with astonishment; and I could scarcely avoid expressing my surprise that the young gentlemen should suffer me, who was bound, to eat with him who was free; and not only so, but that he would not at any time either eat or drink till I had taken first, because I was the eldest, which was agreeable to our custom.† (Equiano 29) Up to this point, Equiano had it comparatively easy when compared to the experiences of others who had been enslaved. As The Slave Ship illustrated for us,Show MoreRelatedBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesSlave Traffic,† (47-68); and, David Richardson, â€Å"Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave,† (69-93), are but two examples. For a first-hand account by Middle Passage survivors, see Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano: Written by Himself, edited by Robert J. Allison (Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin s Press, 1995). Questions regarding the veracity of Equiano’s richly detailed book, which is not at variance with others on the

What Everybody Is Saying About Writing a Dissertation Is Wrong and Why

What Everybody Is Saying About Writing a Dissertation Is Wrong and Why Writing a Dissertation Help! Our customized dissertation introduction writing will assist you in many ways. For instance, the students may utilize MLA, APA and oxford. In fact, many students fret tackling dissertation papers mainly as a result of intricacy of the papers. On the flip side, students using MLA are not permitted to incorporate a title page. If you're not totally pleased with your paper, we will operate to make it right. When you've obtained the ready paper, you can also review it in your way. Our customized paper writing services is provided by means of a group of eligible, creative and expert paper writers and researchers who are devoted to student's success. So, you receive an exemplary paper in your limited budget. Top Writing a Dissertation Choices Try to remember that a summary differs from a conclusion. Remembering your objectives will also enable you to keep focused. 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Cyber Crime - 8138 Words

The Lack of Attention in the Prevention of Cyber crime and How to Improve it 1 PREVENTING CYBER CRIME Keywords: Cyber crime, Cyber security The Lack of Attention in the Prevention of Cyber Crime and How to improve it Brett Pladna ICTN6883 East Carolina University The Lack of Attention in the Prevention of Cyber crime and How to Improve it 2 Abstract This paper discusses the issues of cyber crime and what is being done to prevent it. Cyber criminals take advantages of vulnerabilities by using viruses, bots, etc to cause damage and/or maybe steal information. There are ways that this can be minimized by being aware of what the problems are. There are many problems but common ones are discussed. Not can these problems be solved on†¦show more content†¦deleting web pages, uploading new pages; controlling messages conveyed by the website Computer viruses using malicious code or software to cause destruction to information These are a lot of different areas of computer crimes which means there are many opportunities for a hacker to be successful. How they perform these crimes is another important issue. Knowing what they use will give us a better way to help minimize these crimes. â€Å"Unauthorized Access is the main tool used by Criminals. Unauthorized access means any kind of access without the permission of rightful owner or in charge of the computer, computer systemShow MoreRelatedCyber Crimes on the Internet1117 Words   |  5 Pagesalso comes with it a whole new set of crimes, such as stalking, hacking, cyber bullying, identity theft, and crimes of a sexual nature. The internet has opened up a whole new door for crime, it has also made it easier for crimes to be committed. 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Producing Complementary Products Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Producing Complementary Products. Answer: The Game Strategy Complementary products are those commodities that are interdependent, where the demand for one product relies on the price of the other commodity. On the other hand, substitute products are similar to rival competitors competing for the attention of the customer. Due to their differences, separate game theories apply to them. First, it is essential to consider whether a particular product in the market is recurring or not. Some companies will produce specific products continuously without an end while others may provide products only once or a few times. Therefore, a game can either be infinitely repeated or one-time based (Dixit and Skeath, 2015, p.352). Companies that are producing complementary products over an extended period will require choosing prices that allow achievement of a Nash equilibrium for the benefits of the two companies. Equilibrium is essential because if one of the complementary producers increases the cost, the demand for both commodities will lower. The custom ers will find it hard to buy the products because of the increased overall price. Substitute products incorporate a different approach. In the one-shot game, a company may be tempted to lower its price if its opponent will raise the same. However, since the rival company anticipates the same reaction as that of their competitors, they will be forced to lower the price to share the profits instead of obtaining a loss. Similarly, in case of repeated infinite sales, these companies should determine what impact the raising of costs in the first sale will have on the future of the business (Dixit and Skeath, 2015, p.363). These producers may secretly collude to agree on prices to tag on their products. However, if one member decides to cheat on the deal, future negative consequences may follow. Profitability depends on the successful planning and playing of these game theories. Incorrect choice of game theory and wrong strategies will cause loss to either one or all companies. For the case of substitute producers, it is essential to achieve a Nash equilibrium in the case of repeated production. For instance, when considering a one-time business, one company may make decisions depending on the speculations of the second manufacturer. If company A decides to increase its prices in the hope that B will do the same, it may suffer significant losses in case company B does not stick to the plan of raising the cost (Dixit and Skeath, 2015, p.357). Therefore, businesses should efficiently plan when to increase or decrease prices. In case of repeated production, a company should evaluate the consequences of lowering their cost to the other companys sales. If such companies agreed to raise their prices, it is vital that they avoid cheating to reduce any future stalemates. Hence, prof its depend on the agreements of businesses and their game strategies. Complimentary markets have a different approach. Since their production is interdependent, gains will depend on the action of both producers. None of the company needs to cheat on an agreement of either increasing or lowering the prices because it will affect them both negatively. If one producer decides to reduce the cost, it will be in the best interest of the complimentary company to do the same to ensure that they do not lose customers. Negotiations for an agreement between unions is similar to that involved in complementary products. The two negotiating parties require meeting an agreeable term for the benefit of the two. If one party negotiates for a higher price at the expense of the other, the negotiations will end in disagreements (Dixit and Skeath, 2015, p.361). Since no party will benefit in case disagreements, negotiations should be directed towards an equilibrium similarly to that in complimentary producers. In an organization offers 120$ for the two parties, the talks should be to decide the best plan for sharing the amount without exceeding the limit. In case of a simultaneous-move game plan, it will be wise for a party to evaluate the likelihood of their opponent choosing a particular amount. However, the best strategy would be to share the amount equally. An example of a pair of substitute product may be between coffee and tea. The two companies may decide to make either simultaneous or colluded decisions in infinitely repeated sales. If the tea company increases the price during the first sale, it may incur losses when the coffee industry lowers the same. This action will force the tea company to decrease their sales cost forever for the rest of the sales which will register low profits for both companies. However, the companies may decide to collude and agree to raise both of their priced to record more gains. Since none of the companies has a reason to cheat in the repeated sales, they may increase their profits at the expense of the customers. Diesel and Lorries are two pairs of complementary products. If a lorry manufacturer lowers the buying price while that of diesel is still high, fewer customers will purchase the two products. Reduction in customers will be as a result of the increased total cost of buying both diesel and the lorry. Therefore, it is wise for both the diesel and the lorry company to lower price to attract more customers since it will cost them less. Similarly, if both companies decide to raise the prices, there should be no producer that violates this agreement because it will lower profits. These two commodities only operate when they are together, which makes a necessity for both producers to agree. One essential point to note is that even in a business that ends after one sale, cooperation is possible to some extent. Each company should take into account the best possible move by the opponent. Since both companies are aware that they have only one shot in a prison dilemma game in this business, they should prioritize the realization of profits (Dixit and Nalebuff, 2008, p.165). Therefore, the companies may cooperate to raise their prices. However, this agreement has its challenges such as cheating due to the lack of punishment. On the other hand, repetition of these sales may provide future cooperation due to an increase in chances of punishment with every increase in the frequency of transactions. When companies interact more, they learn the behaviors of their competitors in business that can give rise to indirect cooperation in fear of punishment or losses (Dixit and Nalebuff, 2008, p.167). The frequency of interaction can also lead to a higher chance of cheating. For instanc e, if a firm realizes that their opponents cannot punish them adequately after disobeying the agreement, such a firm could decide to continue its behavior. The patience of a company to remain in a deal without deviating influences long-term cooperation in the business. Impatient sellers may forsake the contract and decide on a different game plan that can offset the balanced already in place. An example of an appropriate case where the frequency of interaction influence feasibility of cooperation is that of trash-collecting firms in Florida. These companies had set up policies that ensured that any cheating by lowering prices received punishment, which involved taking away about 5 of the firms customers. The opposing firm attracted these customers through the provision of lower prices as compared to the cheating company. After some time, the cheating reduced enabling the renewal of the previous agreements. However, reinstating the agreement did not occur immediately due to the stubborn nature of the cheating firm. The latter first observed the consequence of lying and its effect on the overall business venture. It realized that its actions were causing more harm than good because customers decreased with every instance of cheating. Therefore, the best move was to abandon the act for their survival and the strengthening of their relationship. Bibliography Dixit, A.K., and Nalebuff, B.J., 2008. The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorists Guide to Success in Business and Life (New York: W. W Norton). Dixit, A.K. and Skeath, S., 2015.Games of Strategy: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.